src/bindings/python/simgrid_python.cpp

   1 /* Copyright (c) 2018-2021. The SimGrid Team. All rights reserved.          */
   2
   3 /* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   4  * under the terms of the license (GNU LGPL) which comes with this package. */
   5
   6 #ifdef _WIN32
   7 #warning Try to work around https://bugs.python.org/issue11566
   8 #define _hypot hypot
   9 #endif
  10
  11 #if defined(__GNUG__)
  12 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
  13 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-value"
  14 #endif
  15
  16 #include <pybind11/pybind11.h> // Must come before our own stuff
  17
  18 #include <pybind11/functional.h>
  19 #include <pybind11/stl.h>
  20
  21 #if defined(__GNUG__)
  22 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
  23 #endif
  24
  25 #include "simgrid/kernel/routing/NetPoint.hpp"
  26 #include "src/kernel/context/Context.hpp"
  27 #include <simgrid/Exception.hpp>
  28 #include <simgrid/s4u/Actor.hpp>
  29 #include <simgrid/s4u/Comm.hpp>
  30 #include <simgrid/s4u/Disk.hpp>
  31 #include <simgrid/s4u/Engine.hpp>
  32 #include <simgrid/s4u/Exec.hpp>
  33 #include <simgrid/s4u/Host.hpp>
  34 #include <simgrid/s4u/Link.hpp>
  35 #include <simgrid/s4u/Mailbox.hpp>
  36 #include <simgrid/s4u/NetZone.hpp>
  37 #include <simgrid/version.h>
  38
  39 #include <algorithm>
  40 #include <memory>
  41 #include <string>
  42 #include <vector>
  43
  44 namespace py = pybind11;
  45 using simgrid::s4u::Actor;
  46 using simgrid::s4u::ActorPtr;
  47 using simgrid::s4u::Engine;
  48 using simgrid::s4u::Host;
  49 using simgrid::s4u::Mailbox;
  50
  51 XBT_LOG_NEW_DEFAULT_CATEGORY(python, "python");
  52
  53 namespace {
  54
  55 std::string get_simgrid_version()
  56 {
  57   int major;
  58   int minor;
  59   int patch;
  60   sg_version_get(&major, &minor, &patch);
  61   return simgrid::xbt::string_printf("%i.%i.%i", major, minor, patch);
  62 }
  63
  64 /** @brief Wrap for mailbox::get_async */
  65 class PyGetAsync {
  66   std::unique_ptr<PyObject*> data = std::make_unique<PyObject*>();
  67
  68 public:
  69   PyObject** get() const { return data.get(); }
  70 };
  71
  72 } // namespace
  73
  74 PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, boost::intrusive_ptr<T>)
  75
  76 PYBIND11_MODULE(simgrid, m)
  77 {
  78   m.doc() = "SimGrid userspace API";
  79
  80   m.attr("simgrid_version") = get_simgrid_version();
  81
  82   // Swapped contexts are broken, starting from pybind11 v2.8.0.  Use thread contexts by default.
  83   simgrid::s4u::Engine::set_config("contexts/factory:thread");
  84
  85   // Internal exception used to kill actors and sweep the RAII chimney (free objects living on the stack)
  86   static py::object pyForcefulKillEx(py::register_exception<simgrid::ForcefulKillException>(m, "ActorKilled"));
  87
  88   /* this_actor namespace */
  89   m.def_submodule("this_actor", "Bindings of the s4u::this_actor namespace. See the C++ documentation for details.")
  90       .def(
  91           "info", [](const char* s) { XBT_INFO("%s", s); }, "Display a logging message of 'info' priority.")
  92       .def(
  93           "error", [](const char* s) { XBT_ERROR("%s", s); }, "Display a logging message of 'error' priority.")
  94       .def("execute", py::overload_cast<double, double>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::execute),
  95            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
  96            "Block the current actor, computing the given amount of flops at the given priority.", py::arg("flops"),
  97            py::arg("priority") = 1)
  98       .def("exec_init", py::overload_cast<double>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::exec_init),
  99            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>())
 100       .def("get_host", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::get_host, "Retrieves host on which the current actor is located")
 101       .def("set_host", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::set_host, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 102            "Moves the current actor to another host.", py::arg("dest"))
 103       .def("sleep_for", static_cast<void (*)(double)>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::sleep_for),
 104            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Block the actor sleeping for that amount of seconds.",
 105            py::arg("duration"))
 106       .def("sleep_until", static_cast<void (*)(double)>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::sleep_until),
 107            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Block the actor sleeping until the specified timestamp.",
 108            py::arg("duration"))
 109       .def("suspend", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::suspend, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 110            "Suspend the current actor, that is blocked until resume()ed by another actor.")
 111       .def("yield_", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::yield, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Yield the actor")
 112       .def("exit", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::exit, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "kill the current actor")
 113       .def(
 114           "on_exit",
 115           [](py::object fun) {
 116             fun.inc_ref(); // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like actor-kill and actor-lifetime?
 117             simgrid::s4u::this_actor::on_exit([fun](bool /*failed*/) {
 118               try {
 119                 py::gil_scoped_acquire py_context; // need a new context for callback
 120                 fun();
 121               } catch (const py::error_already_set& e) {
 122                 xbt_die("Error while executing the on_exit lambda: %s", e.what());
 123               }
 124             });
 125           },
 126           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "");
 127
 128   /* Class Engine */
 129   py::class_<Engine>(m, "Engine", "Simulation Engine")
 130       .def(py::init([](std::vector<std::string> args) {
 131         auto argc           = static_cast<int>(args.size());
 132         std::vector<char*> argv(args.size() + 1); // argv[argc] is nullptr
 133         std::transform(begin(args), end(args), begin(argv), [](std::string& s) { return &s.front(); });
 134         // Currently this can be dangling, we should wrap this somehow.
 135         return new simgrid::s4u::Engine(&argc, argv.data());
 136       }))
 137       .def_static("get_clock", &Engine::get_clock,
 138                   "The simulation time, ie the amount of simulated seconds since the simulation start.")
 139       .def("get_all_hosts", &Engine::get_all_hosts, "Returns the list of all hosts found in the platform")
 140       .def("load_platform", &Engine::load_platform, "Load a platform file describing the environment")
 141       .def("load_deployment", &Engine::load_deployment, "Load a deployment file and launch the actors that it contains")
 142       .def("run", &Engine::run, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Run the simulation until its end")
 143       .def("run_until", py::overload_cast<double>(&Engine::run_until, py::const_),
 144            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Run the simulation until the given date",
 145            py::arg("max_date") = -1)
 146       .def(
 147           "register_actor",
 148           [](Engine* e, const std::string& name, py::object fun_or_class) {
 149             e->register_actor(name, [fun_or_class](std::vector<std::string> args) {
 150               try {
 151                 py::gil_scoped_acquire py_context;
 152                 /* Convert the std::vector into a py::tuple */
 153                 py::tuple params(args.size() - 1);
 154                 for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); i++)
 155                   params[i - 1] = py::cast(args[i]);
 156
 157                 py::object res = fun_or_class(*params);
 158                 /* If I was passed a class, I just built an instance, so I need to call it now */
 159                 if (py::isinstance<py::function>(res))
 160                   res();
 161               } catch (const py::error_already_set& ex) {
 162                 if (ex.matches(pyForcefulKillEx)) {
 163                   XBT_VERB("Actor killed");
 164                   simgrid::ForcefulKillException::do_throw(); // Forward that ForcefulKill exception
 165                 }
 166                 throw;
 167               }
 168             });
 169           },
 170           "Registers the main function of an actor");
 171
 172   /* Class Netzone */
 173   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::NetZone, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::NetZone, py::nodelete>> netzone(
 174       m, "NetZone", "Networking Zones. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 175   netzone.def_static("create_full_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_full_zone, "Creates a zone of type FullZone")
 176       .def_static("create_torus_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_torus_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Torus")
 177       .def_static("create_fatTree_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_fatTree_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Fat-Tree")
 178       .def_static("create_dragonfly_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_dragonfly_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Dragonfly")
 179       .def_static("create_star_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_star_zone, "Creates a zone of type Star")
 180       .def_static("create_floyd_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_floyd_zone, "Creates a zone of type Floyd")
 181       .def_static("create_dijkstra_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_floyd_zone, "Creates a zone of type Dijkstra")
 182       .def_static("create_vivaldi_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_vivaldi_zone, "Creates a zone of type Vivaldi")
 183       .def_static("create_empty_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_empty_zone, "Creates a zone of type Empty")
 184       .def_static("create_wifi_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_wifi_zone, "Creates a zone of type Wi-Fi")
 185       .def("add_route",
 186            py::overload_cast<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*, simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*,
 187                              simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*, simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*,
 188                              const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute>&, bool>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::add_route),
 189            "Add a route between 2 netpoints")
 190       .def("create_host", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 191            "Creates a host")
 192       .def("create_host",
 193            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 194            "Creates a host")
 195       .def("create_host",
 196            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<double>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 197            "Creates a host")
 198       .def("create_host",
 199            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<std::string>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 200            "Creates a host")
 201       .def("create_link", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 202            "Creates a network link")
 203       .def("create_link",
 204            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 205            "Creates a network link")
 206       .def("create_link",
 207            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<double>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 208            "Creates a network link")
 209       .def("create_link",
 210            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<std::string>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 211            "Creates a network link")
 212       .def("create_split_duplex_link",
 213            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_split_duplex_link),
 214            "Creates a split-duplex link")
 215       .def("create_split_duplex_link",
 216            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_split_duplex_link),
 217            "Creates a split-duplex link")
 218       .def("create_router", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_router, "Create a router")
 219       .def("set_parent", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::set_parent, "Set the parent of this zone")
 220       .def("set_property", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::set_property, "Add a property to this zone")
 221       .def("get_netpoint", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::get_netpoint, "Retrieve the netpoint associated to this zone")
 222       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::seal, "Seal this NetZone")
 223       .def_property_readonly(
 224           "name", [](const simgrid::s4u::NetZone* self) { return self->get_name(); }, "The name of this network zone");
 225
 226   /* Class ClusterCallbacks */
 227   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks>(m, "ClusterCallbacks", "Callbacks used to create cluster zones")
 228       .def(py::init<const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterNetPointCb>&,
 229                     const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterLinkCb>&,
 230                     const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterLinkCb>&>());
 231
 232   /* Class FatTreeParams */
 233   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::FatTreeParams>(m, "FatTreeParams", "Parameters to create a Fat-Tree zone")
 234       .def(py::init<unsigned int, const std::vector<unsigned int>&, const std::vector<unsigned int>&,
 235                     const std::vector<unsigned int>&>());
 236
 237   /* Class DragonflyParams */
 238   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::DragonflyParams>(m, "DragonflyParams", "Parameters to create a Dragonfly zone")
 239       .def(py::init<const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&, const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&,
 240                     const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&, unsigned int>());
 241
 242   /* Class Host */
 243   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Host, std::unique_ptr<Host, py::nodelete>> host(
 244       m, "Host", "Simulated host. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 245   host.def("by_name", &Host::by_name, "Retrieves a host from its name, or die")
 246       .def("get_pstate_count", &Host::get_pstate_count, "Retrieve the count of defined pstate levels")
 247       .def("get_pstate_speed", &Host::get_pstate_speed, "Retrieve the maximal speed at the given pstate")
 248       .def("get_netpoint", &Host::get_netpoint, "Retrieve the netpoint associated to this host")
 249       .def("get_disks", &Host::get_disks, "Retrieve the list of disks in this host")
 250       .def("set_core_count", &Host::set_core_count, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 251            "Set the number of cores in the CPU")
 252       .def("set_coordinates", &Host::set_coordinates, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 253            "Set the coordinates of this host")
 254       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Host::set_sharing_policy, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 255            "Describe how the CPU is shared", py::arg("policy"), py::arg("cb") = simgrid::s4u::NonLinearResourceCb())
 256       .def("create_disk", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double, double>(&Host::create_disk),
 257            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Create a disk")
 258       .def("create_disk",
 259            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&, const std::string&>(&Host::create_disk),
 260            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Create a disk")
 261       .def("seal", &Host::seal, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Seal this host")
 262       .def_property(
 263           "pstate", &Host::get_pstate,
 264           [](Host* h, int i) {
 265             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 266             h->set_pstate(i);
 267           },
 268           "The current pstate")
 269       .def("current", &Host::current, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 270            "Retrieves the host on which the running actor is located.")
 271       .def_property_readonly(
 272           "name",
 273           [](const Host* self) {
 274             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 275           },
 276           "The name of this host")
 277       .def_property_readonly(
 278           "load", &Host::get_load,
 279           "Returns the current computation load (in flops per second). This is the currently achieved speed.")
 280       .def_property_readonly(
 281           "speed", &Host::get_speed,
 282           "The peak computing speed in flops/s at the current pstate, taking the external load into account. "
 283           "This is the max potential speed.");
 284   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy>(host, "SharingPolicy")
 285       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 286       .value("LINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy::LINEAR)
 287       .export_values();
 288
 289   /* Class Disk */
 290   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Disk, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::Disk, py::nodelete>> disk(
 291       m, "Disk", "Simulated disk. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 292   disk.def("read", py::overload_cast<sg_size_t, double>(&simgrid::s4u::Disk::read, py::const_),
 293            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Read data from disk", py::arg("size"), py::arg("priority") = 1)
 294       .def("write", py::overload_cast<sg_size_t, double>(&simgrid::s4u::Disk::write, py::const_),
 295            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Write data in disk", py::arg("size"), py::arg("priority") = 1)
 296       .def("read_async", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::read_async, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 297            "Non-blocking read data from disk")
 298       .def("write_async", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::write_async, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 299            "Non-blocking write data in disk")
 300       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::set_sharing_policy, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 301            "Set sharing policy for this disk", py::arg("op"), py::arg("policy"),
 302            py::arg("cb") = simgrid::s4u::NonLinearResourceCb())
 303       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::seal, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Seal this disk")
 304       .def_property_readonly(
 305           "name", [](const simgrid::s4u::Disk* self) { return self->get_name(); }, "The name of this disk");
 306   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy>(disk, "SharingPolicy")
 307       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 308       .value("LINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy::LINEAR)
 309       .export_values();
 310   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation>(disk, "Operation")
 311       .value("READ", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::READ)
 312       .value("WRITE", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::WRITE)
 313       .value("READWRITE", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::READWRITE)
 314       .export_values();
 315
 316   /* Class NetPoint */
 317   py::class_<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint, py::nodelete>>
 318       netpoint(m, "NetPoint", "NetPoint object");
 319
 320   /* Class Link */
 321   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Link, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::Link, py::nodelete>> link(
 322       m, "Link", "Network link. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 323   link.def("set_latency", py::overload_cast<const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::Link::set_latency),
 324            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Set the latency")
 325       .def("set_latency", py::overload_cast<double>(&simgrid::s4u::Link::set_latency),
 326            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Set the latency")
 327       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Link::set_sharing_policy, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 328            "Set sharing policy for this link")
 329       .def("set_concurrency_limit", &simgrid::s4u::Link::set_concurrency_limit,
 330            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Set concurrency limit for this link")
 331       .def("set_host_wifi_rate", &simgrid::s4u::Link::set_host_wifi_rate, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 332            "Set level of communication speed of given host on this Wi-Fi link")
 333       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::Link::seal, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Seal this link")
 334       .def_property_readonly(
 335           "name",
 336           [](const simgrid::s4u::Link* self) {
 337             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 338           },
 339           "The name of this link");
 340   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy>(link, "SharingPolicy")
 341       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 342       .value("WIFI", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::WIFI)
 343       .value("SPLITDUPLEX", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::SPLITDUPLEX)
 344       .value("SHARED", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::SHARED)
 345       .value("FATPIPE", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::FATPIPE)
 346       .export_values();
 347
 348   /* Class LinkInRoute */
 349   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute> linkinroute(m, "LinkInRoute", "Abstraction to add link in routes");
 350   linkinroute.def(py::init<const simgrid::s4u::Link*>());
 351   linkinroute.def(py::init<const simgrid::s4u::Link*, simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction>());
 352   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction>(linkinroute, "Direction")
 353       .value("UP", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::UP)
 354       .value("DOWN", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::DOWN)
 355       .value("NONE", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::NONE)
 356       .export_values();
 357
 358   /* Class Split-Duplex Link */
 359   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink, simgrid::s4u::Link,
 360              std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink, py::nodelete>>(m, "SplitDuplexLink",
 361                                                                            "Network split-duplex link")
 362       .def("get_link_up", &simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink::get_link_up, "Get link direction up")
 363       .def("get_link_down", &simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink::get_link_down, "Get link direction down");
 364
 365   /* Class Mailbox */
 366   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Mailbox, std::unique_ptr<Mailbox, py::nodelete>>(
 367       m, "Mailbox", "Mailbox. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 368       .def(
 369           "__str__", [](const Mailbox* self) { return std::string("Mailbox(") + self->get_cname() + ")"; },
 370           "Textual representation of the Mailbox`")
 371       .def("by_name", &Mailbox::by_name, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Retrieve a Mailbox from its name")
 372       .def_property_readonly(
 373           "name",
 374           [](const Mailbox* self) {
 375             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 376           },
 377           "The name of that mailbox")
 378       .def(
 379           "put",
 380           [](Mailbox* self, py::object data, int size) {
 381             data.inc_ref();
 382             self->put(data.ptr(), size);
 383           },
 384           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Blocking data transmission")
 385       .def(
 386           "put_async",
 387           [](Mailbox* self, py::object data, int size) {
 388             data.inc_ref();
 389             return self->put_async(data.ptr(), size);
 390           },
 391           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Non-blocking data transmission")
 392       .def(
 393           "get",
 394           [](Mailbox* self) {
 395             py::object data = pybind11::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(self->get<PyObject>());
 396             // data.dec_ref(); // FIXME: why does it break python-actor-create?
 397             return data;
 398           },
 399           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Blocking data reception")
 400       .def(
 401           "get_async",
 402           [](Mailbox* self) -> std::tuple<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr, PyGetAsync> {
 403             PyGetAsync wrap;
 404             auto comm = self->get_async(wrap.get());
 405             return std::make_tuple(std::move(comm), std::move(wrap));
 406           },
 407           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 408           "Non-blocking data reception. Use data.get() to get the python object after the communication has finished")
 409       .def(
 410           "set_receiver", [](Mailbox* self, ActorPtr actor) { self->set_receiver(actor); },
 411           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Sets the actor as permanent receiver");
 412
 413   /* Class PyGetAsync */
 414   py::class_<PyGetAsync>(m, "PyGetAsync", "Wrapper for async get communications")
 415       .def(py::init<>())
 416       .def(
 417           "get", [](const PyGetAsync* self) { return py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(*(self->get())); },
 418           "Get python object after async communication in receiver side");
 419
 420   /* Class Comm */
 421   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Comm, simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>(m, "Comm",
 422                                                         "Communication. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 423       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Comm::test, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 424            "Test whether the communication is terminated.")
 425       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 426            "Block until the completion of that communication.")
 427       // use py::overload_cast for wait_all/wait_any, until the overload marked XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v332 is removed
 428       .def_static(
 429           "wait_all", py::overload_cast<const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>&>(&simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait_all),
 430           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Block until the completion of all communications in the list.")
 431       .def_static(
 432           "wait_any", py::overload_cast<const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>&>(&simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait_any),
 433           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 434           "Block until the completion of any communication in the list and return the index of the terminated one.");
 435
 436   /* Class Io */
 437   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Io, simgrid::s4u::IoPtr>(m, "Io", "I/O activities. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 438       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Io::test, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 439            "Test whether the I/O is terminated.")
 440       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 441            "Block until the completion of that I/O operation")
 442       .def_static(
 443           "wait_any_for", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait_any_for, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 444           "Block until the completion of any I/O in the list (or timeout) and return the index of the terminated one.")
 445       .def_static("wait_any", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait_any, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 446                   "Block until the completion of any I/O in the list and return the index of the terminated one.");
 447
 448   /* Class Exec */
 449   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Exec, simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr>(m, "Exec", "Execution. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 450       .def_property_readonly(
 451           "remaining",
 452           [](simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr self) {
 453             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 454             return self->get_remaining();
 455           },
 456           "Amount of flops that remain to be computed until completion.")
 457       .def_property_readonly(
 458           "remaining_ratio",
 459           [](simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr self) {
 460             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 461             return self->get_remaining_ratio();
 462           },
 463           "Amount of work remaining until completion from 0 (completely done) to 1 (nothing done "
 464           "yet).")
 465       .def_property("host", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::get_host, &simgrid::s4u::Exec::set_host,
 466                     "Host on which this execution runs. Only the first host is returned for parallel executions.")
 467       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::test, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 468            "Test whether the execution is terminated.")
 469       .def("cancel", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::cancel, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Cancel that execution.")
 470       .def("start", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::start, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Start that execution.")
 471       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::wait, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 472            "Block until the completion of that execution.");
 473
 474   /* Class Actor */
 475   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Actor, ActorPtr>(m, "Actor",
 476                                             "An actor is an independent stream of execution in your distributed "
 477                                             "application. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 478       .def(
 479           "create",
 480           [](py::str name, Host* h, py::object fun, py::args args) {
 481             fun.inc_ref();  // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like exec-async, exec-dvfs and exec-remote?
 482             args.inc_ref(); // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like actor-migrate?
 483             return simgrid::s4u::Actor::create(name, h, [fun, args]() {
 484               try {
 485                 py::gil_scoped_acquire py_context;
 486                 fun(*args);
 487               } catch (const py::error_already_set& ex) {
 488                 if (ex.matches(pyForcefulKillEx)) {
 489                   XBT_VERB("Actor killed");
 490                   simgrid::ForcefulKillException::do_throw(); // Forward that ForcefulKill exception
 491                 }
 492                 throw;
 493               }
 494             });
 495           },
 496           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Create an actor from a function or an object.")
 497       .def_property(
 498           "host", &Actor::get_host,
 499           [](Actor* a, Host* h) {
 500             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 501             a->set_host(h);
 502           },
 503           "The host on which this actor is located")
 504       .def_property_readonly("name", &Actor::get_cname, "The name of this actor.")
 505       .def_property_readonly("pid", &Actor::get_pid, "The PID (unique identifier) of this actor.")
 506       .def_property_readonly("ppid", &Actor::get_ppid,
 507                              "The PID (unique identifier) of the actor that created this one.")
 508       .def("by_pid", &Actor::by_pid, "Retrieve an actor by its PID")
 509       .def("daemonize", &Actor::daemonize, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 510            "This actor will be automatically terminated when the last non-daemon actor finishes (more info in the C++ "
 511            "documentation).")
 512       .def("is_daemon", &Actor::is_daemon,
 513            "Returns True if that actor is a daemon and will be terminated automatically when the last non-daemon actor "
 514            "terminates.")
 515       .def("join", py::overload_cast<double>(&Actor::join, py::const_), py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 516            "Wait for the actor to finish (more info in the C++ documentation).", py::arg("timeout"))
 517       .def("kill", &Actor::kill, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Kill that actor")
 518       .def("kill_all", &Actor::kill_all, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Kill all actors but the caller.")
 519       .def("self", &Actor::self, "Retrieves the current actor.")
 520       .def("is_suspended", &Actor::is_suspended, "Returns True if that actor is currently suspended.")
 521       .def("suspend", &Actor::suspend, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 522            "Suspend that actor, that is blocked until resume()ed by another actor.")
 523       .def("resume", &Actor::resume, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 524            "Resume that actor, that was previously suspend()ed.");
 525 }