src/bindings/python/simgrid_python.cpp

   1 /* Copyright (c) 2018-2022. The SimGrid Team. All rights reserved.          */
   2
   3 /* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   4  * under the terms of the license (GNU LGPL) which comes with this package. */
   5
   6 #ifdef _WIN32
   7 #warning Try to work around https://bugs.python.org/issue11566
   8 #define _hypot hypot
   9 #endif
  10
  11 #if defined(__GNUG__)
  12 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
  13 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-value"
  14 #endif
  15
  16 #include <pybind11/pybind11.h> // Must come before our own stuff
  17
  18 #include <pybind11/functional.h>
  19 #include <pybind11/stl.h>
  20
  21 #if defined(__GNUG__)
  22 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
  23 #endif
  24
  25 #include "simgrid/kernel/ProfileBuilder.hpp"
  26 #include "simgrid/kernel/routing/NetPoint.hpp"
  27 #include "src/kernel/context/Context.hpp"
  28 #include <simgrid/Exception.hpp>
  29 #include <simgrid/s4u/Actor.hpp>
  30 #include <simgrid/s4u/Comm.hpp>
  31 #include <simgrid/s4u/Disk.hpp>
  32 #include <simgrid/s4u/Engine.hpp>
  33 #include <simgrid/s4u/Exec.hpp>
  34 #include <simgrid/s4u/Host.hpp>
  35 #include <simgrid/s4u/Link.hpp>
  36 #include <simgrid/s4u/Mailbox.hpp>
  37 #include <simgrid/s4u/NetZone.hpp>
  38 #include <simgrid/version.h>
  39
  40 #include <algorithm>
  41 #include <memory>
  42 #include <string>
  43 #include <vector>
  44
  45 namespace py = pybind11;
  46 using simgrid::s4u::Actor;
  47 using simgrid::s4u::ActorPtr;
  48 using simgrid::s4u::Engine;
  49 using simgrid::s4u::Host;
  50 using simgrid::s4u::Link;
  51 using simgrid::s4u::Mailbox;
  52
  53 XBT_LOG_NEW_DEFAULT_CATEGORY(python, "python");
  54
  55 namespace {
  56
  57 std::string get_simgrid_version()
  58 {
  59   int major;
  60   int minor;
  61   int patch;
  62   sg_version_get(&major, &minor, &patch);
  63   return simgrid::xbt::string_printf("%i.%i.%i", major, minor, patch);
  64 }
  65
  66 /** @brief Wrap for mailbox::get_async */
  67 class PyGetAsync {
  68   std::unique_ptr<PyObject*> data = std::make_unique<PyObject*>();
  69
  70 public:
  71   PyObject** get() const { return data.get(); }
  72 };
  73
  74 } // namespace
  75
  76 PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, boost::intrusive_ptr<T>)
  77
  78 PYBIND11_MODULE(simgrid, m)
  79 {
  80   m.doc() = "SimGrid userspace API";
  81
  82   m.attr("simgrid_version") = get_simgrid_version();
  83
  84   // Swapped contexts are broken, starting from pybind11 v2.8.0.  Use thread contexts by default.
  85   simgrid::s4u::Engine::set_config("contexts/factory:thread");
  86
  87   // Internal exception used to kill actors and sweep the RAII chimney (free objects living on the stack)
  88   static py::object pyForcefulKillEx(py::register_exception<simgrid::ForcefulKillException>(m, "ActorKilled"));
  89
  90   py::register_exception<simgrid::NetworkFailureException>(m, "NetworkFailureException");
  91   py::register_exception<simgrid::TimeoutException>(m, "TimeoutException");
  92
  93   /* this_actor namespace */
  94   m.def_submodule("this_actor", "Bindings of the s4u::this_actor namespace. See the C++ documentation for details.")
  95       .def(
  96           "debug", [](const char* s) { XBT_DEBUG("%s", s); }, "Display a logging message of 'debug' priority.")
  97       .def(
  98           "info", [](const char* s) { XBT_INFO("%s", s); }, "Display a logging message of 'info' priority.")
  99       .def(
 100           "error", [](const char* s) { XBT_ERROR("%s", s); }, "Display a logging message of 'error' priority.")
 101       .def("execute", py::overload_cast<double, double>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::execute),
 102            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 103            "Block the current actor, computing the given amount of flops at the given priority.", py::arg("flops"),
 104            py::arg("priority") = 1)
 105       .def("exec_init", py::overload_cast<double>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::exec_init),
 106            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>())
 107       .def("get_host", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::get_host, "Retrieves host on which the current actor is located")
 108       .def("set_host", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::set_host, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 109            "Moves the current actor to another host.", py::arg("dest"))
 110       .def("sleep_for", static_cast<void (*)(double)>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::sleep_for),
 111            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Block the actor sleeping for that amount of seconds.",
 112            py::arg("duration"))
 113       .def("sleep_until", static_cast<void (*)(double)>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::sleep_until),
 114            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Block the actor sleeping until the specified timestamp.",
 115            py::arg("duration"))
 116       .def("suspend", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::suspend, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 117            "Suspend the current actor, that is blocked until resume()ed by another actor.")
 118       .def("yield_", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::yield, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Yield the actor")
 119       .def("exit", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::exit, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "kill the current actor")
 120       .def(
 121           "on_exit",
 122           [](py::object cb) {
 123             py::function fun = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::function>(cb);
 124             fun.inc_ref(); // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like actor-kill and actor-lifetime?
 125             simgrid::s4u::this_actor::on_exit([fun](bool /*failed*/) {
 126               try {
 127                 py::gil_scoped_acquire py_context; // need a new context for callback
 128                 fun();
 129               } catch (const py::error_already_set& e) {
 130                 xbt_die("Error while executing the on_exit lambda: %s", e.what());
 131               }
 132             });
 133           },
 134           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "")
 135       .def("get_pid", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::get_pid, "Retrieves PID of the current actor")
 136       .def("get_ppid", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::get_ppid,
 137            "Retrieves PPID of the current actor (i.e., the PID of its parent).");
 138
 139   /* Class Engine */
 140   py::class_<Engine>(m, "Engine", "Simulation Engine")
 141       .def(py::init([](std::vector<std::string> args) {
 142              auto argc = static_cast<int>(args.size());
 143              std::vector<char*> argv(args.size() + 1); // argv[argc] is nullptr
 144              std::transform(begin(args), end(args), begin(argv), [](std::string& s) { return &s.front(); });
 145              // Currently this can be dangling, we should wrap this somehow.
 146              return new simgrid::s4u::Engine(&argc, argv.data());
 147            }),
 148            "The constructor should take the parameters from the command line, as is ")
 149       .def_static("get_clock",
 150                   [](pybind11::object& self) // XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v334
 151                   {
 152                     PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
 153                                  "get_clock() is deprecated and  will be dropped after v3.33, use clock() instead.", 1);
 154                     return self.attr("clock");
 155                   })
 156       .def_property_readonly_static(
 157           "clock", [](py::object /* self */) { return Engine::get_clock(); },
 158           "The simulation time, ie the amount of simulated seconds since the simulation start.")
 159       .def_property_readonly_static(
 160           "instance", [](py::object /* self */) { return Engine::get_instance(); }, "Retrieve the simulation engine")
 161       .def("get_all_hosts",
 162            [](pybind11::object& self) // XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v334
 163            {
 164              PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
 165                           "get_all_hosts() is deprecated and  will be dropped after v3.33, use all_host() instead.", 1);
 166              return self.attr("all_hosts");
 167            })
 168       .def_property_readonly("all_hosts", &Engine::get_all_hosts, "Returns the list of all hosts found in the platform")
 169       .def("get_all_links",
 170            [](pybind11::object& self) // XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v334
 171            {
 172              PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
 173                           "get_all_links() is deprecated and  will be dropped after v3.33, use all_links() instead.",
 174                           1);
 175              return self.attr("all_links");
 176            })
 177       .def_property_readonly("all_links", &Engine::get_all_links, "Returns the list of all links found in the platform")
 178       .def("get_all_netpoints",
 179            [](pybind11::object& self) // XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v334
 180            {
 181              PyErr_WarnEx(
 182                  PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
 183                  "get_all_netpoints() is deprecated and  will be dropped after v3.33, use all_netpoints() instead.", 1);
 184              return self.attr("all_netpoints");
 185            })
 186       .def_property_readonly("all_netpoints", &Engine::get_all_netpoints)
 187       .def("get_netzone_root",
 188            [](pybind11::object& self) // XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v334
 189            {
 190              PyErr_WarnEx(
 191                  PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
 192                  "get_netzone_root() is deprecated and  will be dropped after v3.3, use netzone_root() instead.", 1);
 193              return self.attr("netzone_root");
 194            })
 195       .def_property_readonly("netzone_root", &Engine::get_netzone_root,
 196                              "Retrieve the root netzone, containing all others.")
 197       .def("netpoint_by_name", &Engine::netpoint_by_name_or_null)
 198       .def("netzone_by_name", &Engine::netzone_by_name_or_null)
 199       .def("load_platform", &Engine::load_platform, "Load a platform file describing the environment")
 200       .def("load_deployment", &Engine::load_deployment, "Load a deployment file and launch the actors that it contains")
 201       .def("run", &Engine::run, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Run the simulation until its end")
 202       .def("run_until", py::overload_cast<double>(&Engine::run_until, py::const_),
 203            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Run the simulation until the given date",
 204            py::arg("max_date") = -1)
 205       .def(
 206           "register_actor",
 207           [](Engine* e, const std::string& name, py::object fun_or_class) {
 208             e->register_actor(name, [fun_or_class](std::vector<std::string> args) {
 209               try {
 210                 py::gil_scoped_acquire py_context;
 211                 /* Convert the std::vector into a py::tuple */
 212                 py::tuple params(args.size() - 1);
 213                 for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); i++)
 214                   params[i - 1] = py::cast(args[i]);
 215
 216                 py::object res = fun_or_class(*params);
 217                 /* If I was passed a class, I just built an instance, so I need to call it now */
 218                 if (py::isinstance<py::function>(res))
 219                   res();
 220               } catch (const py::error_already_set& ex) {
 221                 if (ex.matches(pyForcefulKillEx)) {
 222                   XBT_VERB("Actor killed");
 223                   simgrid::ForcefulKillException::do_throw(); // Forward that ForcefulKill exception
 224                 }
 225                 throw;
 226               }
 227             });
 228           },
 229           "Registers the main function of an actor");
 230
 231   /* Class Netzone */
 232   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::NetZone, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::NetZone, py::nodelete>> netzone(
 233       m, "NetZone", "Networking Zones. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 234   netzone.def_static("create_full_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_full_zone, "Creates a zone of type FullZone")
 235       .def_static("create_torus_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_torus_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Torus")
 236       .def_static("create_fatTree_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_fatTree_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Fat-Tree")
 237       .def_static("create_dragonfly_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_dragonfly_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Dragonfly")
 238       .def_static("create_star_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_star_zone, "Creates a zone of type Star")
 239       .def_static("create_floyd_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_floyd_zone, "Creates a zone of type Floyd")
 240       .def_static("create_dijkstra_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_floyd_zone, "Creates a zone of type Dijkstra")
 241       .def_static("create_vivaldi_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_vivaldi_zone, "Creates a zone of type Vivaldi")
 242       .def_static("create_empty_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_empty_zone, "Creates a zone of type Empty")
 243       .def_static("create_wifi_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_wifi_zone, "Creates a zone of type Wi-Fi")
 244       .def("add_route",
 245            py::overload_cast<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*, simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*,
 246                              simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*, simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*,
 247                              const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute>&, bool>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::add_route),
 248            "Add a route between 2 netpoints")
 249       .def("create_host", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 250            "Creates a host")
 251       .def("create_host",
 252            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 253            "Creates a host")
 254       .def("create_host",
 255            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<double>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 256            "Creates a host")
 257       .def("create_host",
 258            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<std::string>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 259            "Creates a host")
 260       .def("create_link", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 261            "Creates a network link")
 262       .def("create_link",
 263            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 264            "Creates a network link")
 265       .def("create_link",
 266            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<double>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 267            "Creates a network link")
 268       .def("create_link",
 269            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<std::string>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 270            "Creates a network link")
 271       .def("create_split_duplex_link",
 272            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_split_duplex_link),
 273            "Creates a split-duplex link")
 274       .def("create_split_duplex_link",
 275            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_split_duplex_link),
 276            "Creates a split-duplex link")
 277       .def("create_router", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_router, "Create a router")
 278       .def("set_parent", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::set_parent, "Set the parent of this zone")
 279       .def("set_property", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::set_property, "Add a property to this zone")
 280       .def("get_netpoint", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::get_netpoint, "Retrieve the netpoint associated to this zone")
 281       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::seal, "Seal this NetZone")
 282       .def_property_readonly(
 283           "name", [](const simgrid::s4u::NetZone* self) { return self->get_name(); },
 284           "The name of this network zone (read-only property).");
 285
 286   /* Class ClusterCallbacks */
 287   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks>(m, "ClusterCallbacks", "Callbacks used to create cluster zones")
 288       .def(py::init<const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterNetPointCb>&,
 289                     const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterLinkCb>&,
 290                     const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterLinkCb>&>());
 291
 292   /* Class FatTreeParams */
 293   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::FatTreeParams>(m, "FatTreeParams", "Parameters to create a Fat-Tree zone")
 294       .def(py::init<unsigned int, const std::vector<unsigned int>&, const std::vector<unsigned int>&,
 295                     const std::vector<unsigned int>&>());
 296
 297   /* Class DragonflyParams */
 298   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::DragonflyParams>(m, "DragonflyParams", "Parameters to create a Dragonfly zone")
 299       .def(py::init<const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&, const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&,
 300                     const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&, unsigned int>());
 301
 302   /* Class Host */
 303   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Host, std::unique_ptr<Host, py::nodelete>> host(
 304       m, "Host", "Simulated host. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 305   host.def("by_name", &Host::by_name, "Retrieves a host from its name, or die")
 306       .def(
 307           "route_to",
 308           [](const simgrid::s4u::Host* h, const simgrid::s4u::Host* to) {
 309             auto* list = new std::vector<Link*>();
 310             double bw  = 0;
 311             h->route_to(to, *list, &bw);
 312             return make_tuple(list, bw);
 313           },
 314           "Retrieves the list of links and the bandwidth between two hosts.")
 315       .def(
 316           "set_speed_profile",
 317           [](Host* h, const std::string& profile, double period) {
 318             h->set_speed_profile(simgrid::kernel::profile::ProfileBuilder::from_string("", profile, period));
 319           },
 320           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 321           "Specify a profile modeling the external load according to an exhaustive list. "
 322           "Each line of the profile describes timed events as ``date ratio``. "
 323           "For example, the following content describes an host which computational speed is initially 1 (i.e, 100%) "
 324           "and then halved after 42 seconds:\n\n"
 325           ".. code-block:: python\n\n"
 326           "   \"\"\"\n"
 327           "   0 1.0\n"
 328           "   42 0.5\n"
 329           "   \"\"\"\n\n"
 330           ".. warning:: Don't get fooled: bandwidth and latency profiles of links contain absolute values,"
 331           " while speed profiles of hosts contain ratios.\n\n"
 332           "The second function parameter is the periodicity: the time to wait after the last event to start again over "
 333           "the list. Set it to -1 to not loop over.")
 334       .def(
 335           "set_state_profile",
 336           [](Host* h, const std::string& profile, double period) {
 337             h->set_state_profile(simgrid::kernel::profile::ProfileBuilder::from_string("", profile, period));
 338           },
 339           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 340           "Specify a profile modeling the churn. "
 341           "Each line of the profile describes timed events as ``date boolean``, where the boolean (0 or 1) tells "
 342           "whether the host is on. "
 343           "For example, the following content describes a link which turns off at t=1 and back on at t=2:\n\n"
 344           ".. code-block:: python\n\n"
 345           "   \"\"\"\n"
 346           "   1.0 0\n"
 347           "   2.0 1\n"
 348           "   \"\"\"\n\n"
 349           "The second function parameter is the periodicity: the time to wait after the last event to start again over "
 350           "the list. Set it to -1 to not loop over.")
 351       .def("get_pstate_count", &Host::get_pstate_count, "Retrieve the count of defined pstate levels")
 352       .def("get_pstate_speed", &Host::get_pstate_speed, "Retrieve the maximal speed at the given pstate")
 353       .def("get_netpoint", &Host::get_netpoint, "Retrieve the netpoint associated to this host")
 354       .def("get_disks", &Host::get_disks, "Retrieve the list of disks in this host")
 355       .def("set_core_count", &Host::set_core_count, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 356            "Set the number of cores in the CPU")
 357       .def("set_coordinates", &Host::set_coordinates, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 358            "Set the coordinates of this host")
 359       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Host::set_sharing_policy, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 360            "Describe how the CPU is shared", py::arg("policy"), py::arg("cb") = simgrid::s4u::NonLinearResourceCb())
 361       .def("create_disk", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double, double>(&Host::create_disk),
 362            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Create a disk")
 363       .def("create_disk",
 364            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&, const std::string&>(&Host::create_disk),
 365            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Create a disk")
 366       .def("seal", &Host::seal, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Seal this host")
 367       .def_property(
 368           "pstate", &Host::get_pstate,
 369           [](Host* h, int i) {
 370             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 371             h->set_pstate(i);
 372           },
 373           "The current pstate (read/write property).")
 374       .def("current", &Host::current, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 375            "Retrieves the host on which the running actor is located.")
 376       .def_property_readonly(
 377           "name",
 378           [](const Host* self) {
 379             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 380           },
 381           "The name of this host (read-only property).")
 382       .def_property_readonly("load", &Host::get_load,
 383                              "Returns the current computation load (in flops per second), NOT taking the external load "
 384                              "into account. This is the currently achieved speed (read-only property).")
 385       .def_property_readonly(
 386           "speed", &Host::get_speed,
 387           "The peak computing speed in flops/s at the current pstate, NOT taking the external load into account. "
 388           "This is the max potential speed (read-only property).")
 389       .def_property_readonly("available_speed", &Host::get_available_speed,
 390                              "Get the available speed ratio, between 0 and 1.\n"
 391                              "This accounts for external load (see :py:func:`set_speed_profile() "
 392                              "<simgrid.Host.set_speed_profile>`) (read-only property).")
 393       .def(
 394           "on_creation_cb",
 395           [](py::object cb) {
 396             Host::on_creation_cb([cb](Host& h) {
 397               py::function fun = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::function>(cb);
 398               try {
 399                 py::gil_scoped_acquire py_context; // need a new context for callback
 400                 fun(&h);
 401               } catch (const py::error_already_set& e) {
 402                 xbt_die("Error while executing the on_creation lambda : %s", e.what());
 403               }
 404             });
 405           },
 406           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "");
 407
 408   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy>(host, "SharingPolicy")
 409       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 410       .value("LINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy::LINEAR)
 411       .export_values();
 412
 413   /* Class Disk */
 414   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Disk, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::Disk, py::nodelete>> disk(
 415       m, "Disk", "Simulated disk. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 416   disk.def("read", py::overload_cast<sg_size_t, double>(&simgrid::s4u::Disk::read, py::const_),
 417            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Read data from disk", py::arg("size"), py::arg("priority") = 1)
 418       .def("write", py::overload_cast<sg_size_t, double>(&simgrid::s4u::Disk::write, py::const_),
 419            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Write data in disk", py::arg("size"), py::arg("priority") = 1)
 420       .def("read_async", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::read_async, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 421            "Non-blocking read data from disk")
 422       .def("write_async", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::write_async, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 423            "Non-blocking write data in disk")
 424       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::set_sharing_policy, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 425            "Set sharing policy for this disk", py::arg("op"), py::arg("policy"),
 426            py::arg("cb") = simgrid::s4u::NonLinearResourceCb())
 427       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::seal, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Seal this disk")
 428       .def_property_readonly(
 429           "name", [](const simgrid::s4u::Disk* self) { return self->get_name(); },
 430           "The name of this disk (read-only property).");
 431   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy>(disk, "SharingPolicy")
 432       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 433       .value("LINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy::LINEAR)
 434       .export_values();
 435   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation>(disk, "Operation")
 436       .value("READ", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::READ)
 437       .value("WRITE", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::WRITE)
 438       .value("READWRITE", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::READWRITE)
 439       .export_values();
 440
 441   /* Class NetPoint */
 442   py::class_<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint, py::nodelete>>
 443       netpoint(m, "NetPoint", "NetPoint object");
 444
 445   /* Class Link */
 446   py::class_<Link, std::unique_ptr<Link, py::nodelete>> link(m, "Link",
 447                                                              "Network link. See the C++ documentation for details.");
 448   link.def("set_latency", py::overload_cast<const std::string&>(&Link::set_latency),
 449            py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 450            "Set the latency as a string. Accepts values with units, such as ‘1s’ or ‘7ms’.\nFull list of accepted "
 451            "units: w (week), d (day), h, s, ms, us, ns, ps.")
 452       .def("set_latency", py::overload_cast<double>(&Link::set_latency), py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 453            "Set the latency as a float (in seconds).")
 454       .def("set_bandwidth", &Link::set_bandwidth, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 455            "Set the bandwidth (in byte per second).")
 456       .def(
 457           "set_bandwidth_profile",
 458           [](Link* l, const std::string& profile, double period) {
 459             l->set_bandwidth_profile(simgrid::kernel::profile::ProfileBuilder::from_string("", profile, period));
 460           },
 461           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 462           "Specify a profile modeling the external load according to an exhaustive list. "
 463           "Each line of the profile describes timed events as ``date bandwidth`` (in bytes per second). "
 464           "For example, the following content describes a link which bandwidth changes to 40 Mb/s at t=4, and to 6 "
 465           "Mb/s at t=8:\n\n"
 466           ".. code-block:: python\n\n"
 467           "   \"\"\"\n"
 468           "   4.0 40000000\n"
 469           "   8.0 60000000\n"
 470           "   \"\"\"\n\n"
 471           ".. warning:: Don't get fooled: bandwidth and latency profiles of links contain absolute values,"
 472           " while speed profiles of hosts contain ratios.\n\n"
 473           "The second function parameter is the periodicity: the time to wait after the last event to start again over "
 474           "the list. Set it to -1 to not loop over.")
 475       .def(
 476           "set_latency_profile",
 477           [](Link* l, const std::string& profile, double period) {
 478             l->set_latency_profile(simgrid::kernel::profile::ProfileBuilder::from_string("", profile, period));
 479           },
 480           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 481           "Specify a profile modeling the external load according to an exhaustive list. "
 482           "Each line of the profile describes timed events as ``date latency`` (in seconds). "
 483           "For example, the following content describes a link which latency changes to 1ms (0.001s) at t=1, and to 2s "
 484           "at t=2:\n\n"
 485           ".. code-block:: python\n\n"
 486           "   \"\"\"\n"
 487           "   1.0 0.001\n"
 488           "   2.0 2\n"
 489           "   \"\"\"\n\n"
 490           ".. warning:: Don't get fooled: bandwidth and latency profiles of links contain absolute values,"
 491           " while speed profiles of hosts contain ratios.\n\n"
 492           "The second function parameter is the periodicity: the time to wait after the last event to start again over "
 493           "the list. Set it to -1 to not loop over.")
 494       .def(
 495           "set_state_profile",
 496           [](Link* l, const std::string& profile, double period) {
 497             l->set_state_profile(simgrid::kernel::profile::ProfileBuilder::from_string("", profile, period));
 498           },
 499           "Specify a profile modeling the churn. "
 500           "Each line of the profile describes timed events as ``date boolean``, where the boolean (0 or 1) tells "
 501           "whether the link is on. "
 502           "For example, the following content describes a link which turns off at t=1 and back on at t=2:\n\n"
 503           ".. code-block:: python\n\n"
 504           "   \"\"\"\n"
 505           "   1.0 0\n"
 506           "   2.0 1\n"
 507           "   \"\"\"\n\n"
 508           "The second function parameter is the periodicity: the time to wait after the last event to start again over "
 509           "the list. Set it to -1 to not loop over.")
 510
 511       .def("turn_on", &Link::turn_on, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Turns the link on.")
 512       .def("turn_off", &Link::turn_off, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Turns the link off.")
 513       .def("is_on", &Link::is_on, "Check whether the link is on.")
 514
 515       .def("set_sharing_policy", &Link::set_sharing_policy, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 516            "Set sharing policy for this link")
 517       .def("set_concurrency_limit", &Link::set_concurrency_limit, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 518            "Set concurrency limit for this link")
 519       .def("set_host_wifi_rate", &Link::set_host_wifi_rate, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 520            "Set level of communication speed of given host on this Wi-Fi link")
 521       .def_static("by_name", &Link::by_name, "Retrieves a Link from its name, or dies")
 522       .def("seal", &Link::seal, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Seal this link")
 523       .def_property_readonly(
 524           "name",
 525           [](const Link* self) {
 526             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 527           },
 528           "The name of this link")
 529       .def_property_readonly("bandwidth", &Link::get_bandwidth,
 530                              "The bandwidth (in bytes per second) (read-only property).")
 531       .def_property_readonly("latency", &Link::get_latency, "The latency (in seconds) (read-only property).");
 532
 533   py::enum_<Link::SharingPolicy>(link, "SharingPolicy")
 534       .value("NONLINEAR", Link::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 535       .value("WIFI", Link::SharingPolicy::WIFI)
 536       .value("SPLITDUPLEX", Link::SharingPolicy::SPLITDUPLEX)
 537       .value("SHARED", Link::SharingPolicy::SHARED)
 538       .value("FATPIPE", Link::SharingPolicy::FATPIPE)
 539       .export_values();
 540
 541   /* Class LinkInRoute */
 542   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute> linkinroute(m, "LinkInRoute", "Abstraction to add link in routes");
 543   linkinroute.def(py::init<const Link*>());
 544   linkinroute.def(py::init<const Link*, simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction>());
 545   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction>(linkinroute, "Direction")
 546       .value("UP", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::UP)
 547       .value("DOWN", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::DOWN)
 548       .value("NONE", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::NONE)
 549       .export_values();
 550
 551   /* Class Split-Duplex Link */
 552   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink, Link, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink, py::nodelete>>(
 553       m, "SplitDuplexLink", "Network split-duplex link")
 554       .def("get_link_up", &simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink::get_link_up, "Get link direction up")
 555       .def("get_link_down", &simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink::get_link_down, "Get link direction down");
 556
 557   /* Class Mailbox */
 558   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Mailbox, std::unique_ptr<Mailbox, py::nodelete>>(
 559       m, "Mailbox", "Mailbox. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 560       .def(
 561           "__str__", [](const Mailbox* self) { return std::string("Mailbox(") + self->get_cname() + ")"; },
 562           "Textual representation of the Mailbox`")
 563       .def("by_name", &Mailbox::by_name, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Retrieve a Mailbox from its name")
 564       .def_property_readonly(
 565           "name",
 566           [](const Mailbox* self) {
 567             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 568           },
 569           "The name of that mailbox (read-only property).")
 570       .def(
 571           "put",
 572           [](Mailbox* self, py::object data, int size, double timeout) {
 573             data.inc_ref();
 574             self->put(data.ptr(), size, timeout);
 575           },
 576           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Blocking data transmission with a timeout")
 577       .def(
 578           "put",
 579           [](Mailbox* self, py::object data, int size) {
 580             data.inc_ref();
 581             self->put(data.ptr(), size);
 582           },
 583           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Blocking data transmission")
 584       .def(
 585           "put_async",
 586           [](Mailbox* self, py::object data, int size) {
 587             data.inc_ref();
 588             return self->put_async(data.ptr(), size);
 589           },
 590           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Non-blocking data transmission")
 591       .def(
 592           "get",
 593           [](Mailbox* self) {
 594             py::object data = pybind11::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(self->get<PyObject>());
 595             // data.dec_ref(); // FIXME: why does it break python-actor-create?
 596             return data;
 597           },
 598           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Blocking data reception")
 599       .def(
 600           "get_async",
 601           [](Mailbox* self) -> std::tuple<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr, PyGetAsync> {
 602             PyGetAsync wrap;
 603             auto comm = self->get_async(wrap.get());
 604             return std::make_tuple(std::move(comm), std::move(wrap));
 605           },
 606           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 607           "Non-blocking data reception. Use data.get() to get the python object after the communication has finished")
 608       .def(
 609           "set_receiver", [](Mailbox* self, ActorPtr actor) { self->set_receiver(actor); },
 610           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Sets the actor as permanent receiver");
 611
 612   /* Class PyGetAsync */
 613   py::class_<PyGetAsync>(m, "PyGetAsync", "Wrapper for async get communications")
 614       .def(py::init<>())
 615       .def(
 616           "get", [](const PyGetAsync* self) { return py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(*(self->get())); },
 617           "Get python object after async communication in receiver side");
 618
 619   /* Class Comm */
 620   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Comm, simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>(m, "Comm",
 621                                                         "Communication. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 622       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Comm::test, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 623            "Test whether the communication is terminated.")
 624       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 625            "Block until the completion of that communication.")
 626       // use py::overload_cast for wait_all/wait_any, until the overload marked XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v332 is removed
 627       .def_static(
 628           "wait_all", py::overload_cast<const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>&>(&simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait_all),
 629           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Block until the completion of all communications in the list.")
 630       .def_static(
 631           "wait_any", py::overload_cast<const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>&>(&simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait_any),
 632           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 633           "Block until the completion of any communication in the list and return the index of the terminated one.");
 634
 635   /* Class Io */
 636   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Io, simgrid::s4u::IoPtr>(m, "Io", "I/O activities. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 637       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Io::test, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 638            "Test whether the I/O is terminated.")
 639       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 640            "Block until the completion of that I/O operation")
 641       .def_static(
 642           "wait_any_for", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait_any_for, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 643           "Block until the completion of any I/O in the list (or timeout) and return the index of the terminated one.")
 644       .def_static("wait_any", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait_any, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 645                   "Block until the completion of any I/O in the list and return the index of the terminated one.");
 646
 647   /* Class Exec */
 648   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Exec, simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr>(m, "Exec", "Execution. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 649       .def_property_readonly(
 650           "remaining",
 651           [](simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr self) {
 652             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 653             return self->get_remaining();
 654           },
 655           "Amount of flops that remain to be computed until completion (read-only property).")
 656       .def_property_readonly(
 657           "remaining_ratio",
 658           [](simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr self) {
 659             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 660             return self->get_remaining_ratio();
 661           },
 662           "Amount of work remaining until completion from 0 (completely done) to 1 (nothing done "
 663           "yet) (read-only property).")
 664       .def_property("host", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::get_host, &simgrid::s4u::Exec::set_host,
 665                     "Host on which this execution runs. Only the first host is returned for parallel executions. "
 666                     "Changing this value migrates the execution.")
 667       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::test, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 668            "Test whether the execution is terminated.")
 669       .def("cancel", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::cancel, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Cancel that execution.")
 670       .def("start", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::start, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Start that execution.")
 671       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::wait, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 672            "Block until the completion of that execution.");
 673
 674   /* Class Actor */
 675   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Actor, ActorPtr>(m, "Actor",
 676                                             "An actor is an independent stream of execution in your distributed "
 677                                             "application. See the C++ documentation for details.")
 678       .def(
 679           "create",
 680           [](py::str name, Host* h, py::object fun, py::args args) {
 681             fun.inc_ref();  // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like exec-async, exec-dvfs and exec-remote?
 682             args.inc_ref(); // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like actor-migrate?
 683             return simgrid::s4u::Actor::create(name, h, [fun, args]() {
 684               try {
 685                 py::gil_scoped_acquire py_context;
 686                 fun(*args);
 687               } catch (const py::error_already_set& ex) {
 688                 if (ex.matches(pyForcefulKillEx)) {
 689                   XBT_VERB("Actor killed");
 690                   simgrid::ForcefulKillException::do_throw(); // Forward that ForcefulKill exception
 691                 }
 692                 throw;
 693               }
 694             });
 695           },
 696           py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 697           "Create an actor from a function or an object. See the :ref:`example <s4u_ex_actors_create>`.")
 698       .def_property(
 699           "host", &Actor::get_host,
 700           [](Actor* a, Host* h) {
 701             py::gil_scoped_release gil_guard;
 702             a->set_host(h);
 703           },
 704           "The host on which this actor is located. Changing this value migrates the actor.\n\n"
 705           "If the actor is currently blocked on an execution activity, the activity is also migrated to the new host. "
 706           "If it’s blocked on another kind of activity, an error is raised as the mandated code is not written yet. "
 707           "Please report that bug if you need it.\n\n"
 708           "Asynchronous activities started by the actor are not migrated automatically, so you have to take care of "
 709           "this yourself (only you knows which ones should be migrated). ")
 710       .def_property_readonly("name", &Actor::get_cname, "The name of this actor (read-only property).")
 711       .def_property_readonly("pid", &Actor::get_pid, "The PID (unique identifier) of this actor (read-only property).")
 712       .def_property_readonly("ppid", &Actor::get_ppid,
 713                              "The PID (unique identifier) of the actor that created this one (read-only property).")
 714       .def("by_pid", &Actor::by_pid, "Retrieve an actor by its PID")
 715       .def("set_auto_restart", &Actor::set_auto_restart, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 716            "Specify whether the actor shall restart when its host reboots.")
 717       .def("daemonize", &Actor::daemonize, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 718            "This actor will be automatically terminated when the last non-daemon actor finishes (more info in the C++ "
 719            "documentation).")
 720       .def("is_daemon", &Actor::is_daemon,
 721            "Returns True if that actor is a daemon and will be terminated automatically when the last non-daemon actor "
 722            "terminates.")
 723       .def("join", py::overload_cast<double>(&Actor::join, py::const_), py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 724            "Wait for the actor to finish (more info in the C++ documentation).", py::arg("timeout"))
 725       .def("kill", &Actor::kill, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Kill that actor")
 726       .def("kill_all", &Actor::kill_all, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(), "Kill all actors but the caller.")
 727       .def("self", &Actor::self, "Retrieves the current actor.")
 728       .def("is_suspended", &Actor::is_suspended, "Returns True if that actor is currently suspended.")
 729       .def("suspend", &Actor::suspend, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 730            "Suspend that actor, that is blocked until resume()ed by another actor.")
 731       .def("resume", &Actor::resume, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>(),
 732            "Resume that actor, that was previously suspend()ed.");
 733 }