src/bindings/python/simgrid_python.cpp

   1 /* Copyright (c) 2018-2021. The SimGrid Team. All rights reserved.          */
   2
   3 /* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   4  * under the terms of the license (GNU LGPL) which comes with this package. */
   5
   6 #ifdef _WIN32
   7 #warning Try to work around https://bugs.python.org/issue11566
   8 #define _hypot hypot
   9 #endif
  10
  11 #if defined(__GNUG__)
  12 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
  13 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-value"
  14 #endif
  15
  16 #ifndef NDEBUG
  17 /* Many tests are failing after pybind11 commit ad6bf5cd39ca64b4a9bf846b84b11c4c8df1c8e1 "Adding PyGILState_Check() in
  18  *  object_api<>::operator(). (#2919)".
  19  * See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/ad6bf5cd39ca64b4a9bf846b84b11c4c8df1c8e1
  20  *
  21  * The failing tests are mostly those with boost/raw/sysv contexts. As a workaround, define NDEBUG before pybind11
  22  * includes.
  23  */
  24 #define NDEBUG
  25 #define NDEBUG_LOCALLY_DEFINED
  26 #endif
  27
  28 #include <pybind11/pybind11.h> // Must come before our own stuff
  29
  30 #include <pybind11/functional.h>
  31 #include <pybind11/stl.h>
  32
  33 #ifdef NDEBUG_LOCALLY_DEFINED
  34 #undef NDEBUG_LOCALLY_DEFINED
  35 #undef NDEBUG
  36 #endif
  37
  38 #if defined(__GNUG__)
  39 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
  40 #endif
  41
  42 #include "simgrid/kernel/routing/NetPoint.hpp"
  43 #include "src/kernel/context/Context.hpp"
  44 #include <simgrid/Exception.hpp>
  45 #include <simgrid/s4u/Actor.hpp>
  46 #include <simgrid/s4u/Comm.hpp>
  47 #include <simgrid/s4u/Disk.hpp>
  48 #include <simgrid/s4u/Engine.hpp>
  49 #include <simgrid/s4u/Exec.hpp>
  50 #include <simgrid/s4u/Host.hpp>
  51 #include <simgrid/s4u/Link.hpp>
  52 #include <simgrid/s4u/Mailbox.hpp>
  53 #include <simgrid/s4u/NetZone.hpp>
  54 #include <simgrid/version.h>
  55
  56 #include <algorithm>
  57 #include <memory>
  58 #include <string>
  59 #include <vector>
  60
  61 namespace py = pybind11;
  62 using simgrid::s4u::Actor;
  63 using simgrid::s4u::ActorPtr;
  64 using simgrid::s4u::Engine;
  65 using simgrid::s4u::Host;
  66 using simgrid::s4u::Mailbox;
  67
  68 XBT_LOG_NEW_DEFAULT_CATEGORY(python, "python");
  69
  70 namespace {
  71
  72 std::string get_simgrid_version()
  73 {
  74   int major;
  75   int minor;
  76   int patch;
  77   sg_version_get(&major, &minor, &patch);
  78   return simgrid::xbt::string_printf("%i.%i.%i", major, minor, patch);
  79 }
  80
  81 /** @brief Wrap for mailbox::get_async */
  82 class PyGetAsync {
  83   std::unique_ptr<PyObject*> data = std::make_unique<PyObject*>();
  84
  85 public:
  86   PyObject** get() const { return data.get(); }
  87 };
  88
  89 /* Classes GilScopedAcquire and GilScopedRelease have the same purpose as pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire and
  90  * pybind11::gil_scoped_release.  Refer to the manual of pybind11 for details:
  91  * https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced/misc.html#global-interpreter-lock-gil
  92  *
  93  * The pybind11 versions are however too sophisticated (using TLS for example) and don't work well with all kinds of
  94  * contexts.
  95  * See also https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/1276, which may be related.
  96  *
  97  * Briefly, GilScopedAcquire can be used on actor creation to acquire a new PyThreadState.  The PyThreadState has to be
  98  * released for context switches (i.e. before simcalls). That's the purpose of GilScopedRelease.
  99  *
 100  * Like their pybind11 counterparts, both classes use a RAII pattern.
 101  */
 102 class XBT_PRIVATE GilScopedAcquire {
 103   static PyThreadState* acquire()
 104   {
 105     PyThreadState* state = PyThreadState_New(PyInterpreterState_Head());
 106     PyEval_AcquireThread(state);
 107     return state;
 108   }
 109   static void release(PyThreadState* state)
 110   {
 111     PyEval_ReleaseThread(state);
 112     PyThreadState_Clear(state);
 113     PyThreadState_Delete(state);
 114   }
 115
 116   std::unique_ptr<PyThreadState, decltype(&release)> thread_state{acquire(), &release};
 117 };
 118
 119 class XBT_PRIVATE GilScopedRelease {
 120   std::unique_ptr<PyThreadState, decltype(&PyEval_RestoreThread)> thread_state{PyEval_SaveThread(),
 121                                                                                &PyEval_RestoreThread};
 122 };
 123
 124 } // namespace
 125
 126 PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, boost::intrusive_ptr<T>)
 127
 128 PYBIND11_MODULE(simgrid, m)
 129 {
 130   m.doc() = "SimGrid userspace API";
 131
 132   m.attr("simgrid_version") = get_simgrid_version();
 133
 134   // Swapped contexts are broken, starting from pybind11 v2.8.0.  Use thread contexts by default.
 135   simgrid::s4u::Engine::set_config("contexts/factory:thread");
 136
 137   // Internal exception used to kill actors and sweep the RAII chimney (free objects living on the stack)
 138   static py::object pyForcefulKillEx(py::register_exception<simgrid::ForcefulKillException>(m, "ActorKilled"));
 139
 140   /* this_actor namespace */
 141   m.def_submodule("this_actor", "Bindings of the s4u::this_actor namespace.")
 142       .def(
 143           "info", [](const char* s) { XBT_INFO("%s", s); }, "Display a logging message of 'info' priority.")
 144       .def(
 145           "error", [](const char* s) { XBT_ERROR("%s", s); }, "Display a logging message of 'error' priority.")
 146       .def("execute", py::overload_cast<double, double>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::execute),
 147            py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 148            "Block the current actor, computing the given amount of flops at the given priority.", py::arg("flops"),
 149            py::arg("priority") = 1)
 150       .def("exec_init", py::overload_cast<double>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::exec_init),
 151            py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>())
 152       .def("get_host", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::get_host, "Retrieves host on which the current actor is located")
 153       .def("set_host", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::set_host, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 154            "Moves the current actor to another host.", py::arg("dest"))
 155       .def("sleep_for", static_cast<void (*)(double)>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::sleep_for),
 156            py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Block the actor sleeping for that amount of seconds.",
 157            py::arg("duration"))
 158       .def("sleep_until", static_cast<void (*)(double)>(&simgrid::s4u::this_actor::sleep_until),
 159            py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Block the actor sleeping until the specified timestamp.",
 160            py::arg("duration"))
 161       .def("suspend", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::suspend, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 162            "Suspend the current actor, that is blocked until resume()ed by another actor.")
 163       .def("yield_", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::yield, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Yield the actor")
 164       .def("exit", &simgrid::s4u::this_actor::exit, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "kill the current actor")
 165       .def(
 166           "on_exit",
 167           [](py::object fun) {
 168             fun.inc_ref(); // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like actor-kill and actor-lifetime?
 169             simgrid::s4u::this_actor::on_exit([fun](bool /*failed*/) {
 170               try {
 171                 GilScopedAcquire py_context; // need a new context for callback
 172                 fun();
 173               } catch (const py::error_already_set& e) {
 174                 xbt_die("Error while executing the on_exit lambda: %s", e.what());
 175               }
 176             });
 177           },
 178           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "");
 179
 180   /* Class Engine */
 181   py::class_<Engine>(m, "Engine", "Simulation Engine")
 182       .def(py::init([](std::vector<std::string> args) {
 183         auto argc           = static_cast<int>(args.size());
 184         std::vector<char*> argv(args.size() + 1); // argv[argc] is nullptr
 185         std::transform(begin(args), end(args), begin(argv), [](std::string& s) { return &s.front(); });
 186         // Currently this can be dangling, we should wrap this somehow.
 187         return new simgrid::s4u::Engine(&argc, argv.data());
 188       }))
 189       .def_static("get_clock", &Engine::get_clock,
 190                   "The simulation time, ie the amount of simulated seconds since the simulation start.")
 191       .def("get_all_hosts", &Engine::get_all_hosts, "Returns the list of all hosts found in the platform")
 192       .def("load_platform", &Engine::load_platform, "Load a platform file describing the environment")
 193       .def("load_deployment", &Engine::load_deployment, "Load a deployment file and launch the actors that it contains")
 194       .def("run", &Engine::run, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Run the simulation")
 195       .def(
 196           "register_actor",
 197           [](Engine* e, const std::string& name, py::object fun_or_class) {
 198             e->register_actor(name, [fun_or_class](std::vector<std::string> args) {
 199               try {
 200                 GilScopedAcquire py_context;
 201                 /* Convert the std::vector into a py::tuple */
 202                 py::tuple params(args.size() - 1);
 203                 for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); i++)
 204                   params[i - 1] = py::cast(args[i]);
 205
 206                 py::object res = fun_or_class(*params);
 207                 /* If I was passed a class, I just built an instance, so I need to call it now */
 208                 if (py::isinstance<py::function>(res))
 209                   res();
 210               } catch (const py::error_already_set& ex) {
 211                 if (ex.matches(pyForcefulKillEx)) {
 212                   XBT_VERB("Actor killed");
 213                   simgrid::ForcefulKillException::do_throw(); // Forward that ForcefulKill exception
 214                 }
 215                 throw;
 216               }
 217             });
 218           },
 219           "Registers the main function of an actor");
 220
 221   /* Class Netzone */
 222   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::NetZone, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::NetZone, py::nodelete>> netzone(m, "NetZone",
 223                                                                                                   "Networking Zones");
 224   netzone.def_static("create_full_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_full_zone, "Creates a zone of type FullZone")
 225       .def_static("create_torus_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_torus_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Torus")
 226       .def_static("create_fatTree_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_fatTree_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Fat-Tree")
 227       .def_static("create_dragonfly_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_dragonfly_zone, "Creates a cluster of type Dragonfly")
 228       .def_static("create_star_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_star_zone, "Creates a zone of type Star")
 229       .def_static("create_floyd_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_floyd_zone, "Creates a zone of type Floyd")
 230       .def_static("create_dijkstra_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_floyd_zone, "Creates a zone of type Dijkstra")
 231       .def_static("create_vivaldi_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_vivaldi_zone, "Creates a zone of type Vivaldi")
 232       .def_static("create_empty_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_empty_zone, "Creates a zone of type Empty")
 233       .def_static("create_wifi_zone", &simgrid::s4u::create_wifi_zone, "Creates a zone of type Wi-Fi")
 234       .def("add_route",
 235            py::overload_cast<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*, simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*,
 236                              simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*, simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint*,
 237                              const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute>&, bool>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::add_route),
 238            "Add a route between 2 netpoints")
 239       .def("create_host", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 240            "Creates a host")
 241       .def("create_host",
 242            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 243            "Creates a host")
 244       .def("create_host",
 245            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<double>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 246            "Creates a host")
 247       .def("create_host",
 248            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<std::string>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_host),
 249            "Creates a host")
 250       .def("create_link", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 251            "Creates a network link")
 252       .def("create_link",
 253            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 254            "Creates a network link")
 255       .def("create_link",
 256            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<double>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 257            "Creates a network link")
 258       .def("create_link",
 259            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::vector<std::string>&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_link),
 260            "Creates a network link")
 261       .def("create_split_duplex_link",
 262            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_split_duplex_link),
 263            "Creates a split-duplex link")
 264       .def("create_split_duplex_link",
 265            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_split_duplex_link),
 266            "Creates a split-duplex link")
 267       .def("create_router", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::create_router, "Create a router")
 268       .def("set_parent", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::set_parent, "Set the parent of this zone")
 269       .def("set_property", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::set_property, "Add a property to this zone")
 270       .def("get_netpoint", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::get_netpoint, "Retrieve the netpoint associated to this zone")
 271       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::NetZone::seal, "Seal this NetZone")
 272       .def_property_readonly(
 273           "name", [](const simgrid::s4u::NetZone* self) { return self->get_name(); }, "The name of this network zone");
 274
 275   /* Class ClusterCallbacks */
 276   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks>(m, "ClusterCallbacks", "Callbacks used to create cluster zones")
 277       .def(py::init<const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterNetPointCb>&,
 278                     const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterLinkCb>&,
 279                     const std::function<simgrid::s4u::ClusterCallbacks::ClusterLinkCb>&>());
 280
 281   /* Class FatTreeParams */
 282   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::FatTreeParams>(m, "FatTreeParams", "Parameters to create a Fat-Tree zone")
 283       .def(py::init<unsigned int, const std::vector<unsigned int>&, const std::vector<unsigned int>&,
 284                     const std::vector<unsigned int>&>());
 285
 286   /* Class DragonflyParams */
 287   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::DragonflyParams>(m, "DragonflyParams", "Parameters to create a Dragonfly zone")
 288       .def(py::init<const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&, const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&,
 289                     const std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>&, unsigned int>());
 290
 291   /* Class Host */
 292   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Host, std::unique_ptr<Host, py::nodelete>> host(m, "Host", "Simulated host");
 293   host.def("by_name", &Host::by_name, "Retrieves a host from its name, or die")
 294       .def("get_pstate_count", &Host::get_pstate_count, "Retrieve the count of defined pstate levels")
 295       .def("get_pstate_speed", &Host::get_pstate_speed, "Retrieve the maximal speed at the given pstate")
 296       .def("get_netpoint", &Host::get_netpoint, "Retrieve the netpoint associated to this host")
 297       .def("get_disks", &Host::get_disks, "Retrieve the list of disks in this host")
 298       .def("set_core_count", &Host::set_core_count, "Set the number of cores in the CPU")
 299       .def("set_coordinates", &Host::set_coordinates, "Set the coordinates of this host")
 300       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Host::set_sharing_policy, "Describe how the CPU is shared",
 301            py::arg("policy"), py::arg("cb") = simgrid::s4u::NonLinearResourceCb())
 302       .def("create_disk", py::overload_cast<const std::string&, double, double>(&Host::create_disk), "Create a disk")
 303       .def("create_disk",
 304            py::overload_cast<const std::string&, const std::string&, const std::string&>(&Host::create_disk),
 305            "Create a disk")
 306       .def("seal", &Host::seal, "Seal this host")
 307       .def_property(
 308           "pstate", &Host::get_pstate,
 309           [](Host* h, int i) {
 310             GilScopedRelease gil_guard;
 311             h->set_pstate(i);
 312           },
 313           "The current pstate")
 314       .def("current", &Host::current, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 315            "Retrieves the host on which the running actor is located.")
 316       .def_property_readonly(
 317           "name",
 318           [](const Host* self) {
 319             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 320           },
 321           "The name of this host")
 322       .def_property_readonly(
 323           "load", &Host::get_load,
 324           "Returns the current computation load (in flops per second). This is the currently achieved speed.")
 325       .def_property_readonly(
 326           "speed", &Host::get_speed,
 327           "The peak computing speed in flops/s at the current pstate, taking the external load into account. "
 328           "This is the max potential speed.");
 329   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy>(host, "SharingPolicy")
 330       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 331       .value("LINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Host::SharingPolicy::LINEAR)
 332       .export_values();
 333
 334   /* Class Disk */
 335   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Disk, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::Disk, py::nodelete>> disk(m, "Disk", "Simulated disk");
 336   disk.def("read", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::read, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Read data from disk")
 337       .def("write", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::write, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Write data in disk")
 338       .def("read_async", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::read_async, "Non-blocking read data from disk")
 339       .def("write_async", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::write_async, "Non-blocking write data in disk")
 340       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::set_sharing_policy, "Set sharing policy for this disk",
 341            py::arg("op"), py::arg("policy"), py::arg("cb") = simgrid::s4u::NonLinearResourceCb())
 342       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::Disk::seal, "Seal this disk")
 343       .def_property_readonly(
 344           "name", [](const simgrid::s4u::Disk* self) { return self->get_name(); }, "The name of this disk");
 345   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy>(disk, "SharingPolicy")
 346       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 347       .value("LINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Disk::SharingPolicy::LINEAR)
 348       .export_values();
 349   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation>(disk, "Operation")
 350       .value("READ", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::READ)
 351       .value("WRITE", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::WRITE)
 352       .value("READWRITE", simgrid::s4u::Disk::Operation::READWRITE)
 353       .export_values();
 354
 355   /* Class NetPoint */
 356   py::class_<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::kernel::routing::NetPoint, py::nodelete>>
 357       netpoint(m, "NetPoint", "NetPoint object");
 358
 359   /* Class Link */
 360   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Link, std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::Link, py::nodelete>> link(m, "Link", "Network link");
 361   link.def("set_latency", py::overload_cast<const std::string&>(&simgrid::s4u::Link::set_latency), "Set the latency")
 362       .def("set_latency", py::overload_cast<double>(&simgrid::s4u::Link::set_latency), "Set the latency")
 363       .def("set_sharing_policy", &simgrid::s4u::Link::set_sharing_policy, "Set sharing policy for this link")
 364       .def("set_concurrency_limit", &simgrid::s4u::Link::set_concurrency_limit, "Set concurrency limit for this link")
 365       .def("set_host_wifi_rate", &simgrid::s4u::Link::set_host_wifi_rate,
 366            "Set level of communication speed of given host on this Wi-Fi link")
 367       .def("seal", &simgrid::s4u::Link::seal, "Seal this link")
 368       .def_property_readonly(
 369           "name",
 370           [](const simgrid::s4u::Link* self) {
 371             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 372           },
 373           "The name of this link");
 374   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy>(link, "SharingPolicy")
 375       .value("NONLINEAR", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::NONLINEAR)
 376       .value("WIFI", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::WIFI)
 377       .value("SPLITDUPLEX", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::SPLITDUPLEX)
 378       .value("SHARED", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::SHARED)
 379       .value("FATPIPE", simgrid::s4u::Link::SharingPolicy::FATPIPE)
 380       .export_values();
 381
 382   /* Class LinkInRoute */
 383   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute> linkinroute(m, "LinkInRoute", "Abstraction to add link in routes");
 384   linkinroute.def(py::init<const simgrid::s4u::Link*>());
 385   linkinroute.def(py::init<const simgrid::s4u::Link*, simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction>());
 386   py::enum_<simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction>(linkinroute, "Direction")
 387       .value("UP", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::UP)
 388       .value("DOWN", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::DOWN)
 389       .value("NONE", simgrid::s4u::LinkInRoute::Direction::NONE)
 390       .export_values();
 391
 392   /* Class Split-Duplex Link */
 393   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink, simgrid::s4u::Link,
 394              std::unique_ptr<simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink, py::nodelete>>(m, "SplitDuplexLink",
 395                                                                            "Network split-duplex link")
 396       .def("get_link_up", &simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink::get_link_up, "Get link direction up")
 397       .def("get_link_down", &simgrid::s4u::SplitDuplexLink::get_link_down, "Get link direction down");
 398
 399   /* Class Mailbox */
 400   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Mailbox, std::unique_ptr<Mailbox, py::nodelete>>(m, "Mailbox", "Mailbox")
 401       .def(
 402           "__str__", [](const Mailbox* self) { return std::string("Mailbox(") + self->get_cname() + ")"; },
 403           "Textual representation of the Mailbox`")
 404       .def("by_name", &Mailbox::by_name, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Retrieve a Mailbox from its name")
 405       .def_property_readonly(
 406           "name",
 407           [](const Mailbox* self) {
 408             return std::string(self->get_name().c_str()); // Convert from xbt::string because of MC
 409           },
 410           "The name of that mailbox")
 411       .def(
 412           "put",
 413           [](Mailbox* self, py::object data, int size) {
 414             data.inc_ref();
 415             self->put(data.ptr(), size);
 416           },
 417           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Blocking data transmission")
 418       .def(
 419           "put_async",
 420           [](Mailbox* self, py::object data, int size) {
 421             data.inc_ref();
 422             return self->put_async(data.ptr(), size);
 423           },
 424           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Non-blocking data transmission")
 425       .def(
 426           "get",
 427           [](Mailbox* self) {
 428             py::object data = pybind11::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(self->get<PyObject>());
 429             // data.dec_ref(); // FIXME: why does it break python-actor-create?
 430             return data;
 431           },
 432           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Blocking data reception")
 433       .def(
 434           "get_async",
 435           [](Mailbox* self) -> std::tuple<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr, PyGetAsync> {
 436             PyGetAsync wrap;
 437             auto comm = self->get_async(wrap.get());
 438             return std::make_tuple(std::move(comm), std::move(wrap));
 439           },
 440           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 441           "Non-blocking data reception. Use data.get() to get the python object after the communication has finished")
 442       .def(
 443           "set_receiver", [](Mailbox* self, ActorPtr actor) { self->set_receiver(actor); },
 444           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Sets the actor as permanent receiver");
 445
 446   /* Class PyGetAsync */
 447   py::class_<PyGetAsync>(m, "PyGetAsync", "Wrapper for async get communications")
 448       .def(py::init<>())
 449       .def(
 450           "get", [](const PyGetAsync* self) { return py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(*(self->get())); },
 451           "Get python object after async communication in receiver side");
 452
 453   /* Class Comm */
 454   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Comm, simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>(m, "Comm", "Communication")
 455       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Comm::test, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 456            "Test whether the communication is terminated.")
 457       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 458            "Block until the completion of that communication.")
 459       // use py::overload_cast for wait_all/wait_any, until the overload marked XBT_ATTRIB_DEPRECATED_v332 is removed
 460       .def_static("wait_all",
 461                   py::overload_cast<const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>&>(&simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait_all),
 462                   py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Block until the completion of all communications in the list.")
 463       .def_static(
 464           "wait_any", py::overload_cast<const std::vector<simgrid::s4u::CommPtr>&>(&simgrid::s4u::Comm::wait_any),
 465           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 466           "Block until the completion of any communication in the list and return the index of the terminated one.");
 467
 468   /* Class Io */
 469   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Io, simgrid::s4u::IoPtr>(m, "Io", "I/O activities")
 470       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Io::test, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Test whether the I/O is terminated.")
 471       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 472            "Block until the completion of that I/O operation")
 473       .def_static(
 474           "wait_any_for", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait_any_for, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 475           "Block until the completion of any I/O in the list (or timeout) and return the index of the terminated one.")
 476       .def_static("wait_any", &simgrid::s4u::Io::wait_any, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 477                   "Block until the completion of any I/O in the list and return the index of the terminated one.");
 478
 479   /* Class Exec */
 480   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Exec, simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr>(m, "Exec", "Execution")
 481       .def_property_readonly(
 482           "remaining",
 483           [](simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr self) {
 484             GilScopedRelease gil_guard;
 485             return self->get_remaining();
 486           },
 487           "Amount of flops that remain to be computed until completion.")
 488       .def_property_readonly(
 489           "remaining_ratio",
 490           [](simgrid::s4u::ExecPtr self) {
 491             GilScopedRelease gil_guard;
 492             return self->get_remaining_ratio();
 493           },
 494           "Amount of work remaining until completion from 0 (completely done) to 1 (nothing done "
 495           "yet).")
 496       .def_property("host", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::get_host, &simgrid::s4u::Exec::set_host,
 497                     "Host on which this execution runs. Only the first host is returned for parallel executions.")
 498       .def("test", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::test, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 499            "Test whether the execution is terminated.")
 500       .def("cancel", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::cancel, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Cancel that execution.")
 501       .def("start", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::start, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Start that execution.")
 502       .def("wait", &simgrid::s4u::Exec::wait, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 503            "Block until the completion of that execution.");
 504
 505   /* Class Actor */
 506   py::class_<simgrid::s4u::Actor, ActorPtr>(m, "Actor",
 507                                             "An actor is an independent stream of execution in your distributed "
 508                                             "application")
 509       .def(
 510           "create",
 511           [](py::str name, Host* h, py::object fun, py::args args) {
 512             fun.inc_ref();  // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like exec-async, exec-dvfs and exec-remote?
 513             args.inc_ref(); // FIXME: why is this needed for tests like actor-migrate?
 514             return simgrid::s4u::Actor::create(name, h, [fun, args]() {
 515               try {
 516                 GilScopedAcquire py_context;
 517                 fun(*args);
 518               } catch (const py::error_already_set& ex) {
 519                 if (ex.matches(pyForcefulKillEx)) {
 520                   XBT_VERB("Actor killed");
 521                   simgrid::ForcefulKillException::do_throw(); // Forward that ForcefulKill exception
 522                 }
 523                 throw;
 524               }
 525             });
 526           },
 527           py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Create an actor from a function or an object.")
 528       .def_property(
 529           "host", &Actor::get_host,
 530           [](Actor* a, Host* h) {
 531             GilScopedRelease gil_guard;
 532             a->set_host(h);
 533           },
 534           "The host on which this actor is located")
 535       .def_property_readonly("name", &Actor::get_cname, "The name of this actor.")
 536       .def_property_readonly("pid", &Actor::get_pid, "The PID (unique identifier) of this actor.")
 537       .def_property_readonly("ppid", &Actor::get_ppid,
 538                              "The PID (unique identifier) of the actor that created this one.")
 539       .def("by_pid", &Actor::by_pid, "Retrieve an actor by its PID")
 540       .def("daemonize", &Actor::daemonize, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 541            "This actor will be automatically terminated when the last non-daemon actor finishes (more info in the C++ "
 542            "documentation).")
 543       .def("is_daemon", &Actor::is_daemon,
 544            "Returns True if that actor is a daemon and will be terminated automatically when the last non-daemon actor "
 545            "terminates.")
 546       .def("join", py::overload_cast<double>(&Actor::join, py::const_), py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 547            "Wait for the actor to finish (more info in the C++ documentation).", py::arg("timeout"))
 548       .def("kill", &Actor::kill, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Kill that actor")
 549       .def("kill_all", &Actor::kill_all, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(), "Kill all actors but the caller.")
 550       .def("self", &Actor::self, "Retrieves the current actor.")
 551       .def("is_suspended", &Actor::is_suspended, "Returns True if that actor is currently suspended.")
 552       .def("suspend", &Actor::suspend, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 553            "Suspend that actor, that is blocked until resume()ed by another actor.")
 554       .def("resume", &Actor::resume, py::call_guard<GilScopedRelease>(),
 555            "Resume that actor, that was previously suspend()ed.");
 556 }