rework the SMPI documentation

[simgrid.git] / doc / doxygen / module-smpi.doc

/** 
@defgroup SMPI_API      SMPI: Simulate real MPI applications
@brief Programming environment for the simulation of MPI applications

@tableofcontents

[TOC]

This programming environment enables the study of MPI application by
emulating them on top of the SimGrid simulator. This is particularly
interesting to study existing MPI applications within the comfort of
the simulator. The motivation for this work is detailed in the
reference article (available at http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00527150).


Our goal is to enable the study of **unmodified MPI applications**,
and even if some constructs and features are still missing, we
consider SMPI to be stable and usable in production.  For **further
scalability**, you may modify your code to speed up your studies or
save memory space.  Improved **simulation accuracy** requires some
specific care from you.

 - @ref SMPI_use
   - @ref SMPI_use_compile
   - @ref SMPI_use_exec
   - @ref SMPI_use_colls
     - @ref SMPI_use_colls_algos
     - @ref SMPI_use_colls_tracing
 - @ref SMPI_what
   - @ref SMPI_what_coverage
   - @ref SMPI_what_globals
 - @ref SMPI_adapting
   - @ref SMPI_adapting_size
   - @ref SMPI_adapting_speed
 - @ref SMPI_accuracy


@section SMPI_use Using SMPI

If you're absolutely new to MPI, you should first take our online
[SMPI CourseWare](https://simgrid.github.io/SMPI_CourseWare/), and/or
take a MPI course in your favorite university.  If you already know
MPI, SMPI should sound very familiar to you: Use smpicc instead of
mpicc, and smpirun instead of mpirun, and you're almost set.  Once you
get a virtual platform description (see @ref platform), you're good to
go.

@subsection SMPI_use_compile Compiling your code

For that, simply use <tt>smpicc</tt> as a compiler just
like you use mpicc with other MPI implementations. This script
replaces your usual compiler (gcc, clang, whatever) and adds the right
compilation flags along the way.

This may badly interact with some building infrastructure. Your
<tt>./configure</tt> may fail, reporting that the compiler is not
functional. If this happens, define the <tt>SMPI_PRETEND_CC</tt>
environment variable before running the configuration. Do not define
it when using SMPI!

@verbatim
SMPI_PRETEND_CC=1 ./configure # here come the configure parameters
make
@endverbatim

@subsection SMPI_use_exec Executing your code on the simulator

Use the <tt>smpirun</tt> script as follows for that:

@verbatim
smpirun -hostfile my_hostfile.txt -platform my_platform.xml ./program -blah
@endverbatim

 - <tt>my_hostfile.txt</tt> is a classical MPI hostfile (that is, this
   file lists the machines on which the processes must be dispatched, one
   per line)
 - <tt>my_platform.xml</tt> is a classical SimGrid platform file. Of
   course, the hosts of the hostfile must exist in the provided
   platform.
 - <tt>./program</tt> is the MPI program to simulate, that you
   compiled with <tt>smpicc</tt>
 - <tt>-blah</tt> is a command-line parameter passed to this program.

<tt>smpirun</tt> accepts other parameters, such as <tt>-np</tt> if you
don't want to use all the hosts defined in the hostfile, <tt>-map</tt>
to display on which host each rank gets mapped of <tt>-trace</tt> to
activate the tracing during the simulation. You can get the full list
by running

@verbatim
smpirun -help
@endverbatim

@subsection SMPI_use_colls Simulating collective operations

MPI collective operations are crucial to the performance of MPI
applications and must be carefully optimized according to many
parameters. Every existing implementation provides several algorithms
for each collective operation, and selects by default the best suited
one, depending on the sizes sent, the number of nodes, the
communicator, or the communication library being used.  These
decisions are based on empirical results and theoretical complexity
estimation, and are very different between MPI implementations. In
most cases, the users can also manually tune the algorithm used for
each collective operation.

SMPI can simulate the behavior of several MPI implementations:
OpenMPI, MPICH,
<a href="http://star-mpi.sourceforge.net/">STAR-MPI</a>, and
MVAPICH2. For that, it provides 115 collective algorithms and several
selector algorithms, that were collected directly in the source code
of the targeted MPI implementations.

You can switch the automatic selector through the
\c smpi/coll_selector configuration item. Possible values:

 - <b>ompi</b>: default selection logic of OpenMPI (version 1.7)
 - <b>mpich</b>: default selection logic of MPICH (version 3.0.4)
 - <b>mvapich2</b>: selection logic of MVAPICH2 (version 1.9) tuned
   on the Stampede cluster   
 - <b>impi</b>: preliminary version of an Intel MPI selector (version
   4.1.3, also tuned for the Stampede cluster). Due the closed source
   nature of Intel MPI, some of the algorithms described in the
   documentation are not available, and are replaced by mvapich ones.   
 - <b>default</b>: legacy algorithms used in the earlier days of
   SimGrid. Do not use for serious perform performance studies.


@subsubsection SMPI_use_colls_algos Available algorithms

You can also pick the algorithm used for each collective with the
corresponding configuration item. For example, to use the pairwise
alltoall algorithm, one should add \c --cfg=smpi/alltoall:pair to the
line. This will override the selector (if any) for this algorithm.
It means that the selected algorithm will be used 

Warning: Some collective may require specific conditions to be
executed correctly (for instance having a communicator with a power of
two number of nodes only), which are currently not enforced by
Simgrid. Some crashes can be expected while trying these algorithms
with unusual sizes/parameters

#### MPI_Alltoall

Most of these are best described in <a href="http://www.cs.arizona.edu/~dkl/research/papers/ics06.pdf">STAR-MPI</a>

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the alltoall operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the alltoall operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the alltoall operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the alltoall operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - 2dmesh: organizes the nodes as a two dimensional mesh, and perform allgather 
   along the dimensions
 - 3dmesh: adds a third dimension to the previous algorithm
 - rdb: recursive doubling : extends the mesh to a nth dimension, each one 
   containing two nodes
 - pair: pairwise exchange, only works for power of 2 procs, size-1 steps,
   each process sends and receives from the same process at each step
 - pair_light_barrier: same, with small barriers between steps to avoid
   contention
 - pair_mpi_barrier: same, with MPI_Barrier used
 - pair_one_barrier: only one barrier at the beginning
 - ring: size-1 steps, at each step a process send to process (n+i)%size, and receives from (n-i)%size
 - ring_light_barrier: same, with small barriers between some phases to avoid contention
 - ring_mpi_barrier: same, with MPI_Barrier used
 - ring_one_barrier: only one barrier at the beginning
 - basic_linear: posts all receives and all sends,
starts the communications, and waits for all communication to finish
 - mvapich2_scatter_dest: isend/irecv with scattered destinations, posting only a few messages at the same time

#### MPI_Alltoallv

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the alltoallv operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the alltoallv operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the alltoallv operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the alltoallv operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - bruck: same as alltoall
 - pair: same as alltoall
 - pair_light_barrier: same as alltoall
 - pair_mpi_barrier: same as alltoall
 - pair_one_barrier: same as alltoall
 - ring: same as alltoall
 - ring_light_barrier: same as alltoall
 - ring_mpi_barrier: same as alltoall
 - ring_one_barrier: same as alltoall
 - ompi_basic_linear: same as alltoall

#### MPI_Gather

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the gather operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the gather operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the gather operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the gather operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
which will iterate over all implemented versions and output the best
 - ompi_basic_linear: basic linear algorithm from openmpi, each process sends to the root
 - ompi_binomial: binomial tree algorithm
 - ompi_linear_sync: same as basic linear, but with a synchronization at the
 beginning and message cut into two segments.
 - mvapich2_two_level: SMP-aware version from MVAPICH. Gather first intra-node (defaults to mpich's gather), and then exchange with only one process/node. Use mvapich2 selector to change these to tuned algorithms for Stampede cluster.

#### MPI_Barrier

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the barrier operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the barrier operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the barrier operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the barrier operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - ompi_basic_linear: all processes send to root
 - ompi_two_procs: special case for two processes
 - ompi_bruck: nsteps = sqrt(size), at each step, exchange data with rank-2^k and rank+2^k
 - ompi_recursivedoubling: recursive doubling algorithm
 - ompi_tree: recursive doubling type algorithm, with tree structure
 - ompi_doublering: double ring algorithm
 - mvapich2_pair: pairwise algorithm

#### MPI_Scatter

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the scatter operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the scatter operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the scatter operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the scatter operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - ompi_basic_linear: basic linear scatter 
 - ompi_binomial: binomial tree scatter
 - mvapich2_two_level_direct: SMP aware algorithm, with an intra-node stage (default set to mpich selector), and then a basic linear inter node stage. Use mvapich2 selector to change these to tuned algorithms for Stampede cluster. 
 - mvapich2_two_level_binomial: SMP aware algorithm, with an intra-node stage (default set to mpich selector), and then a binomial phase. Use mvapich2 selector to change these to tuned algorithms for Stampede cluster.

#### MPI_Reduce

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the reduce operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the reduce operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the reduce operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the reduce operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - arrival_pattern_aware: root exchanges with the first process to arrive
 - binomial: uses a binomial tree
 - flat_tree: uses a flat tree
 - NTSL: Non-topology-specific pipelined linear-bcast function 
   0->1, 1->2 ,2->3, ....., ->last node: in a pipeline fashion, with segments
 of 8192 bytes
 - scatter_gather: scatter then gather
 - ompi_chain: openmpi reduce algorithms are built on the same basis, but the
 topology is generated differently for each flavor
chain = chain with spacing of size/2, and segment size of 64KB 
 - ompi_pipeline: same with pipeline (chain with spacing of 1), segment size 
depends on the communicator size and the message size
 - ompi_binary: same with binary tree, segment size of 32KB
 - ompi_in_order_binary: same with binary tree, enforcing order on the 
operations
 - ompi_binomial: same with binomial algo (redundant with default binomial 
one in most cases)
 - ompi_basic_linear: basic algorithm, each process sends to root
 - mvapich2_knomial: k-nomial algorithm. Default factor is 4 (mvapich2 selector adapts it through tuning)
 - mvapich2_two_level: SMP-aware reduce, with default set to mpich both for intra and inter communicators. Use mvapich2 selector to change these to tuned algorithms for Stampede cluster.
 - rab: <a href="https://fs.hlrs.de/projects/par/mpi//myreduce.html">Rabenseifner</a>'s reduce algorithm 

#### MPI_Allreduce

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the allreduce operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the allreduce operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the allreduce operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the allreduce operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - lr: logical ring reduce-scatter then logical ring allgather
 - rab1: variations of the  <a href="https://fs.hlrs.de/projects/par/mpi//myreduce.html">Rabenseifner</a> algorithm: reduce_scatter then allgather
 - rab2: variations of the  <a href="https://fs.hlrs.de/projects/par/mpi//myreduce.html">Rabenseifner</a> algorithm: alltoall then allgather
 - rab_rsag: variation of the  <a href="https://fs.hlrs.de/projects/par/mpi//myreduce.html">Rabenseifner</a> algorithm: recursive doubling 
reduce_scatter then recursive doubling allgather 
 - rdb: recursive doubling
 - smp_binomial: binomial tree with smp: binomial intra 
SMP reduce, inter reduce, inter broadcast then intra broadcast
 - smp_binomial_pipeline: same with segment size = 4096 bytes
 - smp_rdb: intra: binomial allreduce, inter: Recursive 
doubling allreduce, intra: binomial broadcast
 - smp_rsag: intra: binomial allreduce, inter: reduce-scatter, 
inter:allgather, intra: binomial broadcast
 - smp_rsag_lr: intra: binomial allreduce, inter: logical ring 
reduce-scatter, logical ring inter:allgather, intra: binomial broadcast
 - smp_rsag_rab: intra: binomial allreduce, inter: rab
reduce-scatter, rab inter:allgather, intra: binomial broadcast
 - redbcast: reduce then broadcast, using default or tuned algorithms if specified
 - ompi_ring_segmented: ring algorithm used by OpenMPI
 - mvapich2_rs: rdb for small messages, reduce-scatter then allgather else
 - mvapich2_two_level: SMP-aware algorithm, with mpich as intra algoritm, and rdb as inter (Change this behavior by using mvapich2 selector to use tuned values)
 - rab: default <a href="https://fs.hlrs.de/projects/par/mpi//myreduce.html">Rabenseifner</a> implementation

#### MPI_Reduce_scatter

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the reduce_scatter operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the reduce_scatter operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the reduce_scatter operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the reduce_scatter operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - ompi_basic_recursivehalving: recursive halving version from OpenMPI
 - ompi_ring: ring version from OpenMPI
 - mpich_pair: pairwise exchange version from MPICH
 - mpich_rdb: recursive doubling version from MPICH
 - mpich_noncomm: only works for power of 2 procs, recursive doubling for noncommutative ops


#### MPI_Allgather

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the allgather operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the allgather operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the allgather operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the allgather operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - 2dmesh: see alltoall
 - 3dmesh: see alltoall
 - bruck: Described by Bruck et.al. in <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=642949">
Efficient algorithms for all-to-all communications in multiport message-passing systems</a> 
 - GB: Gather - Broadcast (uses tuned version if specified)
 - loosely_lr: Logical Ring with grouping by core (hardcoded, default 
processes/node: 4)
 - NTSLR: Non Topology Specific Logical Ring
 - NTSLR_NB: Non Topology Specific Logical Ring, Non Blocking operations
 - pair: see alltoall
 - rdb: see alltoall
 - rhv: only power of 2 number of processes
 - ring: see alltoall
 - SMP_NTS: gather to root of each SMP, then every root of each SMP node 
post INTER-SMP Sendrecv, then do INTRA-SMP Bcast for each receiving message, 
using logical ring algorithm (hardcoded, default processes/SMP: 8)
 - smp_simple: gather to root of each SMP, then every root of each SMP node 
post INTER-SMP Sendrecv, then do INTRA-SMP Bcast for each receiving message, 
using simple algorithm (hardcoded, default processes/SMP: 8)
 - spreading_simple: from node i, order of communications is i -> i + 1, i ->
 i + 2, ..., i -> (i + p -1) % P
 - ompi_neighborexchange: Neighbor Exchange algorithm for allgather. 
Described by Chen et.al. in  <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1592302">Performance Evaluation of Allgather Algorithms on Terascale Linux Cluster with Fast Ethernet</a>
 - mvapich2_smp: SMP aware algorithm, performing intra-node gather, inter-node allgather with one process/node, and bcast intra-node


####_Allgatherv

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the allgatherv operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the allgatherv operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the allgatherv operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the allgatherv operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - GB: Gatherv - Broadcast (uses tuned version if specified, but only for 
Bcast, gatherv is not tuned)
 - pair: see alltoall
 - ring: see alltoall
 - ompi_neighborexchange: see allgather
 - ompi_bruck: see allgather
 - mpich_rdb: recursive doubling algorithm from MPICH
 - mpich_ring: ring algorithm from MPICh - performs differently from the  one from STAR-MPI

#### MPI_Bcast

 - default: naive one, by default
 - ompi: use openmpi selector for the bcast operations
 - mpich: use mpich selector for the bcast operations
 - mvapich2: use mvapich2 selector for the bcast operations
 - impi: use intel mpi selector for the bcast operations
 - automatic (experimental): use an automatic self-benchmarking algorithm 
 - arrival_pattern_aware: root exchanges with the first process to arrive
 - arrival_pattern_aware_wait: same with slight variation
 - binomial_tree: binomial tree exchange
 - flattree: flat tree exchange
 - flattree_pipeline: flat tree exchange, message split into 8192 bytes pieces
 - NTSB: Non-topology-specific pipelined binary tree with 8192 bytes pieces
 - NTSL: Non-topology-specific pipelined linear with 8192 bytes pieces
 - NTSL_Isend: Non-topology-specific pipelined linear with 8192 bytes pieces, asynchronous communications
 - scatter_LR_allgather: scatter followed by logical ring allgather
 - scatter_rdb_allgather: scatter followed by recursive doubling allgather
 - arrival_scatter: arrival pattern aware scatter-allgather
 - SMP_binary: binary tree algorithm with 8 cores/SMP
 - SMP_binomial: binomial tree algorithm with 8 cores/SMP
 - SMP_linear: linear algorithm with 8 cores/SMP
 - ompi_split_bintree: binary tree algorithm from OpenMPI, with message split in 8192 bytes pieces
 - ompi_pipeline: pipeline algorithm from OpenMPI, with message split in 128KB pieces
 - mvapich2_inter_node: Inter node default mvapich worker 
 - mvapich2_intra_node: Intra node default mvapich worker
 - mvapich2_knomial_intra_node:  k-nomial intra node default mvapich worker. default factor is 4.

#### Automatic evaluation 

(Warning: This is experimental and may be removed or crash easily)

An automatic version is available for each collective (or even as a selector). This specific 
version will loop over all other implemented algorithm for this particular collective, and apply 
them while benchmarking the time taken for each process. It will then output the quickest for 
each process, and the global quickest. This is still unstable, and a few algorithms which need 
specific number of nodes may crash.

#### Adding an algorithm

To add a new algorithm, one should check in the src/smpi/colls folder how other algorithms 
are coded. Using plain MPI code inside Simgrid can't be done, so algorithms have to be 
changed to use smpi version of the calls instead (MPI_Send will become smpi_mpi_send). Some functions may have different signatures than their MPI counterpart, please check the other algorithms or contact us using <a href="http://lists.gforge.inria.fr/mailman/listinfo/simgrid-devel">SimGrid developers mailing list</a>.

Example: adding a "pair" version of the Alltoall collective.

 - Implement it in a file called alltoall-pair.c in the src/smpi/colls folder. This file should include colls_private.h.

 - The name of the new algorithm function should be smpi_coll_tuned_alltoall_pair, with the same signature as MPI_Alltoall.

 - Once the adaptation to SMPI code is done, add a reference to the file ("src/smpi/colls/alltoall-pair.c") in the SMPI_SRC part of the DefinePackages.cmake file inside buildtools/cmake, to allow the file to be built and distributed.

 - To register the new version of the algorithm, simply add a line to the corresponding macro in src/smpi/colls/cools.h ( add a "COLL_APPLY(action, COLL_ALLTOALL_SIG, pair)" to the COLL_ALLTOALLS macro ). The algorithm should now be compiled and be selected when using --cfg=smpi/alltoall:pair at runtime.

 - To add a test for the algorithm inside Simgrid's test suite, juste add the new algorithm name in the ALLTOALL_COLL list found inside teshsuite/smpi/CMakeLists.txt . When running ctest, a test for the new algorithm should be generated and executed. If it does not pass, please check your code or contact us.

 - Please submit your patch for inclusion in SMPI, for example through a pull request on GitHub or directly per email.

@subsubsection SMPI_use_colls_tracing Tracing of internal communications

By default, the collective operations are traced as a unique operation
because tracing all point-to-point communications composing them could
result in overloaded, hard to interpret traces. If you want to debug
and compare collective algorithms, you should set the
\c tracing/smpi/internals configuration item to 1 instead of 0.

Here are examples of two alltoall collective algorithms runs on 16 nodes, 
the first one with a ring algorithm, the second with a pairwise one:

@htmlonly
<a href="smpi_simgrid_alltoall_ring_16.png" border=0><img src="smpi_simgrid_alltoall_ring_16.png" width="30%" border=0 align="center"></a>
<a href="smpi_simgrid_alltoall_pair_16.png" border=0><img src="smpi_simgrid_alltoall_pair_16.png" width="30%" border=0 align="center"></a>
<br/>
@endhtmlonly

@section SMPI_what What can run within SMPI?

You can run unmodified MPI applications (both C and Fortran) within
SMPI, provided that you only use MPI calls that we implemented. Global
variables should be handled correctly on Linux systems.

@subsection SMPI_what_coverage MPI coverage of SMPI

Our coverage of the interface is very decent, but still incomplete;
Given the size of the MPI standard, we may well never manage to 
implement absolutely all existing primitives. Currently, we have a
very sparse support for one-sided communications, and almost none for
I/O primitives. But our coverage is still very decent: we pass a very
large amount of the MPICH coverage tests.

The full list of not yet implemented functions is documented in the
file @ref include/smpi/smpi.h, between two lines containing the
<tt>FIXME</tt> marker. If you really need a missing feature, please
get in touch with us: we can guide you though the SimGrid code to help
you implementing it, and we'd glad to integrate it in the main project
afterward if you contribute them back.

@subsection SMPI_what_globals Global variables

Concerning the globals, the problem comes from the fact that usually,
MPI processes run as real UNIX processes while they are all folded
into threads of a unique system process in SMPI. Global variables are
usually private to each MPI process while they become shared between
the processes in SMPI. This point is rather problematic, and currently
forces to modify your application to privatize the global variables.

We tried several techniques to work this around. We used to have a
script that privatized automatically the globals through static
analysis of the source code, but it was not robust enough to be used
in production. This issue, as well as several potential solutions, is
discussed in this article: "Automatic Handling of Global Variables for
Multi-threaded MPI Programs",
available at http://charm.cs.illinois.edu/newPapers/11-23/paper.pdf
(note that this article does not deal with SMPI but with a concurrent
solution called AMPI that suffers of the same issue). 

SimGrid can duplicate and dynamically switch the .data and .bss
segments of the ELF process when switching the MPI ranks, allowing
each ranks to have its own copy of the global variables. This feature
is expected to work correctly on Linux and BSD, so smpirun activates
it by default. %As no copy is involved, performance should not be
altered (but memory occupation will be higher).

If you want to turn it off, pass \c -no-privatize to smpirun. This may
be necessary if your application uses dynamic libraries as the global
variables of these libraries will not be privatized. You can fix this
by linking statically with these libraries (but NOT with libsimgrid,
as we need SimGrid's own global variables).

@section SMPI_adapting Adapting your MPI code for further scalability

As detailed in the reference article (available at
http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00527150), you may want to adapt your code
to improve the simulation performance. But these tricks may seriously
hinder the result quality (or even prevent the app to run) if used
wrongly. We assume that if you want to simulate an HPC application,
you know what you are doing. Don't prove us wrong!

@subsection SMPI_adapting_size Reducing your memory footprint

If you get short on memory (the whole app is executed on a single node when
simulated), you should have a look at the SMPI_SHARED_MALLOC and
SMPI_SHARED_FREE macros. It allows to share memory areas between processes: The
purpose of these macro is that the same line malloc on each process will point
to the exact same memory area. So if you have a malloc of 2M and you have 16
processes, this macro will change your memory consumption from 2M*16 to 2M
only. Only one block for all processes.

If your program is ok with a block containing garbage value because all
processes write and read to the same place without any kind of coordination,
then this macro can dramatically shrink your memory consumption. For example,
that will be very beneficial to a matrix multiplication code, as all blocks will
be stored on the same area. Of course, the resulting computations will useless,
but you can still study the application behavior this way. 

Naturally, this won't work if your code is data-dependent. For example, a Jacobi
iterative computation depends on the result computed by the code to detect
convergence conditions, so turning them into garbage by sharing the same memory
area between processes does not seem very wise. You cannot use the
SMPI_SHARED_MALLOC macro in this case, sorry.

This feature is demoed by the example file
<tt>examples/smpi/NAS/DT-folding/dt.c</tt>

@subsection SMPI_adapting_speed Toward faster simulations

If your application is too slow, try using SMPI_SAMPLE_LOCAL,
SMPI_SAMPLE_GLOBAL and friends to indicate which computation loops can
be sampled. Some of the loop iterations will be executed to measure
their duration, and this duration will be used for the subsequent
iterations. These samples are done per processor with
SMPI_SAMPLE_LOCAL, and shared between all processors with
SMPI_SAMPLE_GLOBAL. Of course, none of this will work if the execution
time of your loop iteration are not stable.

This feature is demoed by the example file 
<tt>examples/smpi/NAS/EP-sampling/ep.c</tt>

@section SMPI_accuracy Ensuring accurate simulations

TBD

*/


/** @example include/smpi/smpi.h */