/*! \page publis Reference publications about SimGrid
-When citing SimGrid, the prefered reference paper is <i>Scheduling
-Distributed Applications: the SimGrid Simulation Framework</i>, even if it's
-a bit old now. We are actively working on improving this.
-
-\li <b>Scheduling Distributed Applications: the
- SimGrid Simulation Framework</b>\n
- by <em>Henri Casanova and Arnaud Legrand and Loris Marchal</em>\n
- Proceedings of the third IEEE International Symposium
- on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid'03)\n
- Since the advent of distributed computer systems an active field
- of research has been the investigation of scheduling strategies
- for parallel applications. The common approach is to employ
- scheduling heuristics that approximate an optimal
- schedule. Unfortunately, it is often impossible to obtain
- analytical results to compare the efficacy of these heuristics.
- One possibility is to conducts large numbers of back-to-back
- experiments on real platforms. While this is possible on
- tightly-coupled platforms, it is infeasible on modern distributed
- platforms (i.e. Grids) as it is labor-intensive and does not
- enable repeatable results. The solution is to resort to
- simulations. Simulations not only enables repeatable results but
- also make it possible to explore wide ranges of platform and
+When citing SimGrid, the prefered reference paper is <i>SimGrid: a
+Generic Framework for Large-Scale Distributed Experimentations</i>.
+
+\li <b>SimGrid: a Generic Framework for Large-Scale Distributed
+ Experimentations</b>\n
+ by <em>Henri Casanova, Arnaud Legrand and Martin Quinson</em>\n
+ Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer
+ Modelling and Simulation (UKSIM/EUROSIM'08)\n
+ Distributed computing is a very broad and active research area
+ comprising fields such as cluster computing, computational
+ grids, desktop grids and peer-to-peer (P2P) systems.
+ Unfortunately, it is often impossible to obtain theoretical or
+ analytical results to compare the performance of algorithms
+ targeting such systems. One possibility is to conduct large
+ numbers of back-to-back experiments on real platforms. While
+ this is possible on tightly-coupled platforms, it is infeasible
+ on modern distributed platforms as experiments are labor-intensive
+ and results typically not reproducible. Consequently, one must
+ resort to simulations, which enable reproducible results and also
+ make it possible to explore wide ranges of platform and
application scenarios.\n
- In this paper we present the SimGrid framework which enables the
- simulation of distributed applications in distributed computing
- environments for the specific purpose of developing and evaluating
- scheduling algorithms. This paper focuses on SimGrid v2, which
- greatly improves on the first version of the software with more
- realistic network models and topologies. SimGrid v2 also enables
- the simulation of distributed scheduling agents, which has become
- critical for current scheduling research in large-scale platforms.
- After describing and validating these features, we present a case
- study by which we demonstrate the usefulness of SimGrid for
- conducting scheduling research.\n
- http://www-id.imag.fr/Laboratoire/Membres/Legrand_Arnaud/articles/simgrid2_CCgrid03.pdf
-
-Previous publication do not cover the GRAS part of the framework. So, if you
-want to cite GRAS, please use this publication instead:
-
-\li <b>Gras: A Research & Development Framework for Grid and P2P
- Infrastructures</b>\n
- by <em>Martin Quinson</em>\n
- <b>Best paper</b> of the 18th IASTED International Conference on
- Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems (PDCS 2006)\n
- http://www.loria.fr/~quinson/articles/gras-iasted06.pdf
+ In this paper we describe the SimGrid framework, a
+ simulation-based framework for evaluating cluster, grid and P2P
+ algorithms and heuristics. This paper focuses on SimGrid v3, which
+ greatly improves on previous versions thanks to a novel and
+ validated modular simulation engine that achieves higher
+ simulation speed without hindering simulation accuracy. Also, two
+ new user interfaces were added to broaden the targeted research
+ community. After surveying existing tools and methodologies we
+ describe the key features and benefits of SimGrid.\n
+ http://www.loria.fr/~quinson/articles/SimGrid-uksim08.pdf
+
+\verbatim
+@InProceedings{simgrid,
+ author = {Casanova, Henri and Legrand, Arnaud and Quinson, Martin},
+ title = {{SimGrid: a Generic Framework for Large-Scale Distributed Experiments}},
+ booktitle = {10th IEEE International Conference on Computer Modeling and Simulation},
+ year = 2008,
+ month = mar
+}
+\endverbatim
\section publis_others Other publications
\section publis_count Amount of published papers using SimGrid results
-<table>
-
-<tr><td>Year</td><td>2000</td><td>2001</td><td>2002</td><td>2003</td><td>2004</td><td>2005</td><td>2006</td><td>2007</td></tr>
- <tr><td>Amount of paper external to the core team</td>
- <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td>8</td> <td>3</td></tr>
- <tr><td>Amount of paper co-signed by one team member</td>
- <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>-</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-\page publis_core Other publications about the SimGrid framework
-
-\li <b>Speed and Accuracy of Network Simulation in the SimGrid Framework</b>\n
- by <em>K. Fujiwara, H. Casanova</em>\n
- in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Network Simulation Tools (NSTools), Nantes, France, October 2007.\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/fujiwara_nstool2007.pdf
-
-\li <b>Cost and Accuracy of Packet-Level vs. Analytical Network Simulations: An Empirical Study</b>\n
- by <em>K. Fujiwara</em>\n
- <b>M.S. Thesis</b>, Dept. of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawai`i at Manoa, April 2007.\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/theses/kayo_fujiwara_MS.pdf
-
-\li <b>The SimGrid Project - Simulation and Deployment of Distributed Applications</b>\n
- by <em>A. Legrand, M. Quinson, K. Fujiwara, H. Casanova</em>\n
- <b>POSTER</b> in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC-15), Paris, France, May 2006.\n
- \htmlonly
- <a href="http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/simgrid_hpdc06.pdf"><img src="poster_thumbnail.png" /></a>
- \endhtmlonly
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/simgrid_hpdc06.pdf
+\htmlinclude publis_count.html
-\li <b>A Network Model for Simulation of Grid Application</b>\n
- by <em>Henri Casanova and Loris Marchal</em>\n
- \anchor paper_tcp
- In this work we investigate network models that can be
- potentially employed in the simulation of scheduling algorithms for
- distributed computing applications. We seek to develop a model of TCP
- communication which is both high-level and realistic. Previous research
- works show that accurate and global modeling of wide-area networks, such
- as the Internet, faces a number of challenging issues. However, some
- global models of fairness and bandwidth-sharing exist, and can be link
- withthe behavior of TCP. Using both previous results and simulation (with
- NS), we attempt to understand the macroscopic behavior of
- TCP communications. We then propose a global model of the network for the
- Grid platform. We perform partial validation of this model in
- simulation. The model leads to an algorithm for computing
- bandwidth-sharing. This algorithm can then be implemented as part of Grid
- application simulations. We provide such an implementation for the
- SimGrid simulation toolkit.\n
- ftp://ftp.ens-lyon.fr/pub/LIP/Rapports/RR/RR2002/RR2002-40.ps.gz
+\page publis_core Publications about the SimGrid framework
-
-\li <b>MetaSimGrid : Towards realistic scheduling simulation of
- distributed applications</b>\n
- by <em>Arnaud Legrand and Julien Lerouge</em>\n
- Most scheduling problems are already hard on homogeneous
- platforms, they become quite intractable in an heterogeneous
- framework such as a metacomputing grid. In the best cases, a
- guaranteed heuristic can be found, but most of the time, it is
- not possible. Real experiments or simulations are often
- involved to test or to compare heuristics. However, on a
- distributed heterogeneous platform, such experiments are
- technically difficult to drive, because of the genuine
- instability of the platform. It is almost impossible to
- guarantee that a platform which is not dedicated to the
- experiment, will remain exactly the same between two tests,
- thereby forbidding any meaningful comparison. Simulations are
- then used to replace real experiments, so as to ensure the
- reproducibility of measured data. A key issue is the
- possibility to run the simulations against a realistic
- environment. The main idea of trace-based simulation is to
- record the platform parameters today, and to simulate the
- algorithms tomorrow, against the recorded data: even though it
- is not the current load of the platform, it is realistic,
- because it represents a fair summary of what happened
- previously. A good example of a trace-based simulation tool is
- SimGrid, a toolkit providing a set of core abstractions and
- functionalities that can be used to easily build simulators for
- specific application domains and/or computing environment
- topologies. Nevertheless, SimGrid lacks a number of convenient
- features to craft simulations of a distributed application
- where scheduling decisions are not taken by a single
- process. Furthermore, modeling a complex platform by hand is
- fastidious for a few hosts and is almost impossible for a real
- grid. This report is a survey on simulation for scheduling
- evaluation purposes and present MetaSimGrid, a simulator built
- on top of SimGrid.\n
- ftp://ftp.ens-lyon.fr/pub/LIP/Rapports/RR/RR2002/RR2002-28.ps.gz
-
-\li <b>SimGrid: A Toolkit for the Simulation of Application
- Scheduling</b>\n
- by <em>Henri Casanova</em>\n
- Advances in hardware and software technologies have made it
- possible to deploy parallel applications over increasingly large
- sets of distributed resources. Consequently, the study of
- scheduling algorithms for such applications has been an active area
- of research. Given the nature of most scheduling problems one must
- resort to simulation to effectively evaluate and compare their
- efficacy over a wide range of scenarios. It has thus become
- necessary to simulate those algorithms for increasingly complex
- distributed, dynamic, heterogeneous environments. In this paper we
- present SimGrid, a simulation toolkit for the study of scheduling
- algorithms for distributed application. This paper gives the main
- concepts and models behind SimGrid, describes its API and
- highlights current implementation issues. We also give some
- experimental results and describe work that builds on SimGrid's
- functionalities.\n
- http://grail.sdsc.edu/papers/simgrid_ccgrid01.ps.gz
+\htmlinclude publis_core_bib.html
\page publis_extern Papers that use SimGrid-generated results (not counting our owns)
external to the development group, but we also use our tool ourselves (see
next section).
-- 2007
- - <b>Scheduling Δ-Critical Tasks in Mixed-Parallel Applications on a National Grid</b>\n
- by <em>Frédéric Suter</em>.\n
- In 8th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid 2007), Austin, TX, September 2007.
- - <b>Brokering strategies in computational grids using stochastic
- prediction models.</b>\n by <em>Vandy Berten and Bruno
- Gaujal</em>. In Parallel Computing, vol. 33(4-5): 238-249, 2007.\n
- http://dev.ulb.ac.be/sched/articles/PARCO.pdf
- - <b>Managing Scheduling and Replication in the LHC Grid .</b>\n by
- <em>Thomas Ferrandiz and Vania Marangozova</em>. In CoreGrid
- Workshop on middleware, 2007.\n
-
-- 2006
- - <b>Simbatch: an API for simulating and predicting the performance of parallel resources and batch systems.</b>\n
- INRIA Research Report 6040, November 2006.\n
- https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00115880
- - <b>Simbatch : une API pour la simulation et la prédiction de performances de systèmes batch</b>\n
- by <em>Jean-Sébastien Gay and Yves Caniou</em>.\n
- In 17ème Rencontres Francophones du Parallélisme, des Architectures et des Systèmes, RenPar'17.\n
- October 4-6, Perpignan, France
- - <b>Metascheduling Multiple Resource Types using the MMKP</b>\n
- by <em>D. Vanderster, N. Dimopoulos, R. Sobie</em>\n
- 7th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing\n
- Barcelona, September 28th-29th 2006
- - <b>Master-Slave Tasking on Asymmetric Networks</b>\n
- by <em>Cyril Banino-Rokkones, Olivier Beaumont and Lasse Natvig</em>.\n
- In Proceedings of 12th International Euro-Par Conference, Euro-Par 2006.\n
- August 29 - September 1, Pages 167--176, Dresden, Germany.
- - <b>Critical Path and Area Based Scheduling of Parallel Task Graphs on Heterogeneous Platforms</b>\n
- by <em>Tchimou N'Takpé and Frédéric Suter</em>\n
- Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)\n
- Minneapolis, MN, July 12-15, 2006.
- - <b>Sensitivity Analysis of Knapsack-based Task Scheduling on the Grid</b>\n
- by <em>D.C. Vanderster and N.J. Dimopoulos</em>.\n
- In Proceedings of The 20th ACM International Conference on Supercomputing\n
- Cairns, Australia, June 28-July 1, 2006.\n
- http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1183401.1183446&coll=GUIDE&dl=%23url.coll
- - <b>Hierarchical Scheduling of Independent Tasks with Shared Files</b>\n
- by <em>H. Senger, F. Silva, W. Nascimento</em>.\n
- Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on Cluster
- Computing and the Grid Workshop (CCGRIDW'06)\n
- Singapore, 16-19 May 2006.\n
- http://www.unisantos.br/mestrado/informatica/hermes/File/senger-HierarchicalScheduling-Workshop-TB120.pdf
- - <b>Evaluation of Knapsack-based Scheduling using the NPACI JOBLOG</b>\n
- by <em>D. Vanderster, N. Dimopoulos, R. Parra-Hernandez and R. Sobie</em>.\n
- 20th International Symposium on High-Performance Computing in an
- Advanced Collaborative Environment (HPCS'06)\n
- St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 14-17 May 2006\n
- http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/HPCS.2006.23
-
-- 2005
- - <b>On Dynamic Resource Management Mechanism using Control
- Theoretic Approach for Wide-Area Grid Computing</b>\n
- by <em>Hiroyuki Ohsaki, Soushi Watanabe, and Makoto Imase</em>\n
- in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA 2005), Aug. 2005.\n
- http://www.ispl.jp/~oosaki/papers/Ohsaki05_CCA.pdf
- - <b>Evaluation of Meta-scheduler Architectures and Task Assignment Policies for
- high Throughput Computing</b>\n
- by <em>Eddy Caron, Vincent Garonne and Andrei Tsaregorodtsev</em>\n
- Proceedings of 4th Internationnal Symposium on Parallel and
- Distributed Computing Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel
- Processing (ISPDC'05), July 2005.\n
- http://www.ens-lyon.fr/LIP/Pub/Rapports/RR/RR2005/RR2005-27.pdf
- - <b>Algorithmes de redistribution de données pour anneaux de processeurs hétérogènes</b>\n
- by <em>Hélène Renard, Yves Robert and Frédéric Vivien</em>\n
- In 16ième Rencontres Francophones du Parallélisme des Architectures et des Systèmes, Le Croisic, France, 6-8 avril 2005.\n
- http://www.polytech.unice.fr/~hrenard/recherche/Renpar16.ps
-- 2004
- - <b>Deadline Scheduling with Priority for Client-Server Systems on the Grid</b>\n
- by <em>E Caron, PK Chouhan, F Desprez</em>\n
- in IEEE International Conference On Grid Computing. Super Computing 2004, oct 2004.
- - <b>Efficient Scheduling Heuristics for GridRPC Systems</b>\n
- by <em>Y. Caniou and E. Jeannot.</em>\n
- in IEEE QoS and Dynamic System workshop (QDS) of International Conference
- on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), New-Port Beach California, USA,
- pages 621-630, July 2004\n
- http://graal.ens-lyon.fr/~ycaniou/QDS04.ps
- - <b>Exploiting Replication and Data Reuse to Efficiently Schedule
- Data-intensive Applications on Grids</b>\n
- by <em> E. Santos-Neto, W. Cirne, F. Brasileiro, A. Lima.</em>\n
- Proceedings of 10th Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing, June 2004.\n
- http://www.lsd.ufcg.edu.br/~elizeu/articles/jsspp.v6.pdf
- - <b>Resource Management and Knapsack Formulations on the Grid</b>\n
- by <em>R. Parra-Hernandez, D. Vanderster and N. J. Dimopoulos</em>\n
- Fifth IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing (GRID'04)\n
- http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/GRID.2004.54
- - <b>Scheduling BoT Applications in Grids using a Slave Oriented Adaptive
- Algorithm.</b>\n
- by <em>T. Ferreto, C. A. F. De Rose and C. Northfleet.</em>\n
- Second International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing
- and Applications (ISPA), 2004, Hong Kong. Published in Lecture Notes in
- Computer Science (LNCS), Volume 3358, by Springer-Verlag. p. 392-398.
- - <b>Data redistribution algorithms for heterogeneous processor rings</b>\n
- by <em>Hélène Renard, Yves Robert and Frédéric Vivien</em>\n
- In International Conference on High Performance Computing HiPC'2004\n
- http://www.polytech.unice.fr/~hrenard/recherche/Hipc.pdf
-- 2003
- - <b>Link-Contention-Aware Genetic Scheduling Using Task Duplication in Grid Environments</b>\n
- by <em>Wensheng Yao, Xiao Xie and Jinyuan You</em>\n
- in Grid and Cooperative Computing: Second International Workshop, GCC 2003, Shanghai, China, December 7-10, 2003 (LNCS)\n
- http://www.chinagrid.edu.cn/chinagrid/download/GCC2003/pdf/266.pdf
- - <b>New Dynamic Heuristics in the Client-Agent-Server Model</b>\n
- by <em>Y. Caniou and E. Jeannot</em>\n
- in IEEE 13th Heteregeneous Computing Workshop - HCW'03, Nice, France, April 2003.\n
- http://graal.ens-lyon.fr/~ycaniou/HCW03.ps
- - <b>A Hierarchical Resource Reservation Algorithm for Network Enabled Servers</b>\n
- by <em>E. Caron, F. Desprez, F. Petit, V. Villain</em>\n
- in the 17th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium -- IPDPS'03, Nice - France, April 2003.
+\htmlinclude publis_extern_bib.html
\page publis_intra Our own papers that use SimGrid-generated results
This list is a selection of the articles we have written that used results
generated by SimGrid.
-- 2007
- - <b>Assessing the Quality of Automatically Built Network Representations</b>\n
- by <em>Lionel Eyraud-Dubois and Martin Quinson</em>\n
- In Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and
- the Grid (CCGrid 2007), 14-17 May 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- - <b>A Comparison of Scheduling Approaches for Mixed-Parallel Applications on Heterogeneous Platforms</b>\n
- by <em>T. N'takpé, F. Suter, and Henri Casanova</em>\n
- In 6th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Hagenberg, Austria, July 2007.
- - <b>A First Step Towards Automatically Building Network Representations</b>\n
- by <em>Lionel Eyraud-Dubois, Arnaud Legrand, Martin Quinson and Frédéric Vivien</em>\n
- In 12th International Euro-Par Conference 28-31 August, Rennes, France.
- - <b>Centralized Versus Distributed Schedulers Multiple Bag-of-Tasks Applications</b>\n
- by <em>Olivier Beaumont, Larry Carter, Jeanne Ferrante, Arnaud Legrand, Loris Marchal, and Yves Robert</em>\n
- In IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Systems, 2007.
-- 2006
- - <b>On the Harmfulness of Redundant Batch Requests</b>\n
- by <em>H. Casanova</em>\n
- Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC-15), Paris, France, May 2006.\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/hpdc_2006.pdf
- - <b>An evaluation of Job Scheduling Strategies for Divisible Loads on Grid Platforms</b>\n
- by <em>Y. Cardinale, H. Casanova</em>\n
- in Proceedings of the High Performance Computing & Simulation Conference (HPC&S'06), Bonn, Germany, May 2006.\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/cardinale_2006.pdf
- - <b>Centralized Versus Distributed Schedulers Multiple Bag-of-Tasks Applications</b>\n
- by <em>Olivier Beaumont, Larry Carter, Jeanne Ferrante, Arnaud Legrand, Loris Marchal, and Yves Robert</em>\n
- International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium IPDPS'2006, 2006
- - <b>Interference-Aware Scheduling</b>\n
- by <em>B. Kreaseck, L. Carter, H. Casanova, J. Ferrante, S. Nandy</em>\n
- International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications (IJHPCA).\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/kreaseck_ijhpca_2005.pdf
-- 2004
- - <b>From Heterogeneous Task Scheduling to Heterogeneous Mixed Data and Task Parallel Scheduling</b>\n
- by <em>F. Suter, V. Boudet, F. Desprez, H. Casanova</em>\n
- Proceedings of Europar, 230--237, (LCNS volume 3149), Pisa, Italy, August 2004.
- - <b>On the Interference of Communication on Computation</b>\n
- by <em>B. Kreaseck, L. Carter, H. Casanova, J. Ferrante</em>\n
- Proceedings of the workshop on Performance Modeling, Evaluation, and Optimization of Parallel and Distributed Systems, Santa Fe, April 2004.\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/k_pmeo2004.pdf
-
-- 2003
- - <b>RUMR: Robust Scheduling for Divisible Workloads</b>\n
- by <em>Y. Yang, H. Casanova</em>\n
- Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Symposium on High Performance and Distributed Computing (HPDC-12), Seattle, June 2003.\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/yang_hpdc2003.pdf
- - <b>Resource Allocation Strategies for Guided Parameter Space Searches</b>\n
- by <em>M. Faerman, A. Birnbaum, F. Berman, H. Casanova</em>\n
- International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications (IJHPCA), 17(4), 383--402, 2003.\n
- http://grail.sdsc.edu/papers/faerman_ijhpca04.pdf
-- 2002
- - <b>Resource Allocation for Steerable Parallel Parameter Searches</b>\n
- by <em>M. Faerman, A. Birnbaum, H. Casanova, F. Berman</em>\n
- Proceedings of the Grid Computing Workshop, Baltimore, 157--169, November 2002.\n
- http://grail.sdsc.edu/projects/vi_itr/grid02.pdf
-- 2001
- - <b>Applying Scheduling and Tuning to On-line Parallel Tomography </b>\n
- by <em>Shava Smallen, Henri Casanova, Francine Berman</em>\n
- in Proceedings of Supercomputing 2001\n
- http://grail.sdsc.edu/papers/tomo_journal.ps.gz
-- 2000
- - <b>Heuristics for Scheduling Parameter Sweep applications in Grid environments</b>\n
- by <em>Henri Casanova, Arnaud Legrand, Dmitrii Zagorodnov and Francine Berman</em>\n
- in Proceedings of the 9th Heterogeneous Computing workshop (HCW'2000), pp349-363.\n
- http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~casanova/homepage/papers/hcw00_pst.pdf
+\htmlinclude publis_intra_bib.html
*/
-
-\li <b>Optimal algorithms for scheduling divisible workloads on
- heterogeneous systems</b>\n
- by <em>Olivier Beaumont and Arnaud Legrand and Yves Robert</em>\n
- in Proceedings of the 17th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'03).\n
- Preliminary version on ftp://ftp.ens-lyon.fr/pub/LIP/Rapports/RR/RR2002/RR2002-36.ps.gz
-
-
-\li <b>On-line Parallel Tomography</b>\n
- by <em>Shava Smallen</em>\n
- Masters Thesis, UCSD, May 2001
