+package IPC::Run;
+use bytes;
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+IPC::Run - system() and background procs w/ piping, redirs, ptys (Unix, Win32)
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ ## First,a command to run:
+ my @cat = qw( cat );
+
+ ## Using run() instead of system():
+ use IPC::Run qw( run timeout );
+
+ run \@cmd, \$in, \$out, \$err, timeout( 10 ) or die "cat: $?"
+
+ # Can do I/O to sub refs and filenames, too:
+ run \@cmd, '<', "in.txt", \&out, \&err or die "cat: $?"
+ run \@cat, '<', "in.txt", '>>', "out.txt", '2>>', "err.txt";
+
+
+ # Redirecting using psuedo-terminals instad of pipes.
+ run \@cat, '<pty<', \$in, '>pty>', \$out_and_err;
+
+ ## Scripting subprocesses (like Expect):
+
+ use IPC::Run qw( start pump finish timeout );
+
+ # Incrementally read from / write to scalars.
+ # $in is drained as it is fed to cat's stdin,
+ # $out accumulates cat's stdout
+ # $err accumulates cat's stderr
+ # $h is for "harness".
+ my $h = start \@cat, \$in, \$out, \$err, timeout( 10 );
+
+ $in .= "some input\n";
+ pump $h until $out =~ /input\n/g;
+
+ $in .= "some more input\n";
+ pump $h until $out =~ /\G.*more input\n/;
+
+ $in .= "some final input\n";
+ finish $h or die "cat returned $?";
+
+ warn $err if $err;
+ print $out; ## All of cat's output
+
+ # Piping between children
+ run \@cat, '|', \@gzip;
+
+ # Multiple children simultaneously (run() blocks until all
+ # children exit, use start() for background execution):
+ run \@foo1, '&', \@foo2;
+
+ # Calling \&set_up_child in the child before it executes the
+ # command (only works on systems with true fork() & exec())
+ # exceptions thrown in set_up_child() will be propagated back
+ # to the parent and thrown from run().
+ run \@cat, \$in, \$out,
+ init => \&set_up_child;
+
+ # Read from / write to file handles you open and close
+ open IN, '<in.txt' or die $!;
+ open OUT, '>out.txt' or die $!;
+ print OUT "preamble\n";
+ run \@cat, \*IN, \*OUT or die "cat returned $?";
+ print OUT "postamble\n";
+ close IN;
+ close OUT;
+
+ # Create pipes for you to read / write (like IPC::Open2 & 3).
+ $h = start
+ \@cat,
+ '<pipe', \*IN,
+ '>pipe', \*OUT,
+ '2>pipe', \*ERR
+ or die "cat returned $?";
+ print IN "some input\n";
+ close IN;
+ print <OUT>, <ERR>;
+ finish $h;
+
+ # Mixing input and output modes
+ run \@cat, 'in.txt', \&catch_some_out, \*ERR_LOG );
+
+ # Other redirection constructs
+ run \@cat, '>&', \$out_and_err;
+ run \@cat, '2>&1';
+ run \@cat, '0<&3';
+ run \@cat, '<&-';
+ run \@cat, '3<', \$in3;
+ run \@cat, '4>', \$out4;
+ # etc.
+
+ # Passing options:
+ run \@cat, 'in.txt', debug => 1;
+
+ # Call this system's shell, returns TRUE on 0 exit code
+ # THIS IS THE OPPOSITE SENSE OF system()'s RETURN VALUE
+ run "cat a b c" or die "cat returned $?";
+
+ # Launch a sub process directly, no shell. Can't do redirection
+ # with this form, it's here to behave like system() with an
+ # inverted result.
+ $r = run "cat a b c";
+
+ # Read from a file in to a scalar
+ run io( "filename", 'r', \$recv );
+ run io( \*HANDLE, 'r', \$recv );
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+IPC::Run allows you to run and interact with child processes using files, pipes,
+and pseudo-ttys. Both system()-style and scripted usages are supported and
+may be mixed. Likewise, functional and OO API styles are both supported and
+may be mixed.
+
+Various redirection operators reminiscent of those seen on common Unix and DOS
+command lines are provided.
+
+Before digging in to the details a few LIMITATIONS are important enough
+to be mentioned right up front:
+
+=over
+
+=item Win32 Support
+
+Win32 support is working but B<EXPERIMENTAL>, but does pass all relevant tests
+on NT 4.0. See L</Win32 LIMITATIONS>.
+
+=item pty Support
+
+If you need pty support, IPC::Run should work well enough most of the
+time, but IO::Pty is being improved, and IPC::Run will be improved to
+use IO::Pty's new features when it is release.
+
+The basic problem is that the pty needs to initialize itself before the
+parent writes to the master pty, or the data written gets lost. So
+IPC::Run does a sleep(1) in the parent after forking to (hopefully) give
+the child a chance to run. This is a kludge that works well on non
+heavily loaded systems :(.
+
+ptys are not supported yet under Win32, but will be emulated...
+
+=item Debugging Tip
+
+You may use the environment variable C<IPCRUNDEBUG> to see what's going on
+under the hood:
+
+ $ IPCRUNDEBUG=basic myscript # prints minimal debugging
+ $ IPCRUNDEBUG=data myscript # prints all data reads/writes
+ $ IPCRUNDEBUG=details myscript # prints lots of low-level details
+ $ IPCRUNDEBUG=gory myscript # (Win32 only) prints data moving through
+ # the helper processes.
+
+=back
+
+We now return you to your regularly scheduled documentation.
+
+=head2 Harnesses
+
+Child processes and I/O handles are gathered in to a harness, then
+started and run until the processing is finished or aborted.
+
+=head2 run() vs. start(); pump(); finish();
+
+There are two modes you can run harnesses in: run() functions as an
+enhanced system(), and start()/pump()/finish() allow for background
+processes and scripted interactions with them.
+
+When using run(), all data to be sent to the harness is set up in
+advance (though one can feed subprocesses input from subroutine refs to
+get around this limitation). The harness is run and all output is
+collected from it, then any child processes are waited for:
+
+ run \@cmd, \<<IN, \$out;
+ blah
+ IN
+
+ ## To precompile harnesses and run them later:
+ my $h = harness \@cmd, \<<IN, \$out;
+ blah
+ IN
+
+ run $h;
+
+The background and scripting API is provided by start(), pump(), and
+finish(): start() creates a harness if need be (by calling harness())
+and launches any subprocesses, pump() allows you to poll them for
+activity, and finish() then monitors the harnessed activities until they
+complete.
+
+ ## Build the harness, open all pipes, and launch the subprocesses
+ my $h = start \@cat, \$in, \$out;
+ $in = "first input\n";
+
+ ## Now do I/O. start() does no I/O.
+ pump $h while length $in; ## Wait for all input to go
+
+ ## Now do some more I/O.
+ $in = "second input\n";
+ pump $h until $out =~ /second input/;
+
+ ## Clean up
+ finish $h or die "cat returned $?";
+
+You can optionally compile the harness with harness() prior to
+start()ing or run()ing, and you may omit start() between harness() and
+pump(). You might want to do these things if you compile your harnesses
+ahead of time.
+
+=head2 Using regexps to match output
+
+As shown in most of the scripting examples, the read-to-scalar facility
+for gathering subcommand's output is often used with regular expressions
+to detect stopping points. This is because subcommand output often
+arrives in dribbles and drabs, often only a character or line at a time.
+This output is input for the main program and piles up in variables like
+the C<$out> and C<$err> in our examples.
+
+Regular expressions can be used to wait for appropriate output in
+several ways. The C<cat> example in the previous section demonstrates
+how to pump() until some string appears in the output. Here's an
+example that uses C<smb> to fetch files from a remote server:
+
+ $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out;
+
+ $in = "cd /src\n";
+ $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
+ die "error cding to /src:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
+ $out = '';
+
+ $in = "mget *\n";
+ $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
+ die "error retrieving files:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
+
+ $in = "quit\n";
+ $h->finish;
+
+Notice that we carefully clear $out after the first command/response
+cycle? That's because IPC::Run does not delete $out when we continue,
+and we don't want to trip over the old output in the second
+command/response cycle.
+
+Say you want to accumulate all the output in $out and analyze it
+afterwards. Perl offers incremental regular expression matching using
+the C<m//gc> and pattern matching idiom and the C<\G> assertion.
+IPC::Run is careful not to disturb the current C<pos()> value for
+scalars it appends data to, so we could modify the above so as not to
+destroy $out by adding a couple of C</gc> modifiers. The C</g> keeps us
+from tripping over the previous prompt and the C</c> keeps us from
+resetting the prior match position if the expected prompt doesn't
+materialize immediately:
+
+ $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out;
+
+ $in = "cd /src\n";
+ $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/mgc;
+ die "error cding to /src:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
+
+ $in = "mget *\n";
+ $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/mgc;
+ die "error retrieving files:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
+
+ $in = "quit\n";
+ $h->finish;
+
+ analyze( $out );
+
+When using this technique, you may want to preallocate $out to have
+plenty of memory or you may find that the act of growing $out each time
+new input arrives causes an C<O(length($out)^2)> slowdown as $out grows.
+Say we expect no more than 10,000 characters of input at the most. To
+preallocate memory to $out, do something like:
+
+ my $out = "x" x 10_000;
+ $out = "";
+
+C<perl> will allocate at least 10,000 characters' worth of space, then
+mark the $out as having 0 length without freeing all that yummy RAM.
+
+=head2 Timeouts and Timers
+
+More than likely, you don't want your subprocesses to run forever, and
+sometimes it's nice to know that they're going a little slowly.
+Timeouts throw exceptions after a some time has elapsed, timers merely
+cause pump() to return after some time has elapsed. Neither is
+reset/restarted automatically.
+
+Timeout objects are created by calling timeout( $interval ) and passing
+the result to run(), start() or harness(). The timeout period starts
+ticking just after all the child processes have been fork()ed or
+spawn()ed, and are polled for expiration in run(), pump() and finish().
+If/when they expire, an exception is thrown. This is typically useful
+to keep a subprocess from taking too long.
+
+If a timeout occurs in run(), all child processes will be terminated and
+all file/pipe/ptty descriptors opened by run() will be closed. File
+descriptors opened by the parent process and passed in to run() are not
+closed in this event.
+
+If a timeout occurs in pump(), pump_nb(), or finish(), it's up to you to
+decide whether to kill_kill() all the children or to implement some more
+graceful fallback. No I/O will be closed in pump(), pump_nb() or
+finish() by such an exception (though I/O is often closed down in those
+routines during the natural course of events).
+
+Often an exception is too harsh. timer( $interval ) creates timer
+objects that merely prevent pump() from blocking forever. This can be
+useful for detecting stalled I/O or printing a soothing message or "."
+to pacify an anxious user.
+
+Timeouts and timers can both be restarted at any time using the timer's
+start() method (this is not the start() that launches subprocesses). To
+restart a timer, you need to keep a reference to the timer:
+
+ ## Start with a nice long timeout to let smbclient connect. If
+ ## pump or finish take too long, an exception will be thrown.
+
+ my $h;
+ eval {
+ $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out, \$err, ( my $t = timeout 30 );
+ sleep 11; # No effect: timer not running yet
+
+ start $h;
+ $in = "cd /src\n";
+ pump $h until ! length $in;
+
+ $in = "ls\n";
+ ## Now use a short timeout, since this should be faster
+ $t->start( 5 );
+ pump $h until ! length $in;
+
+ $t->start( 10 ); ## Give smbclient a little while to shut down.
+ $h->finish;
+ };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ my $x = $@; ## Preserve $@ in case another exception occurs
+ $h->kill_kill; ## kill it gently, then brutally if need be, or just
+ ## brutally on Win32.
+ die $x;
+ }
+
+Timeouts and timers are I<not> checked once the subprocesses are shut
+down; they will not expire in the interval between the last valid
+process and when IPC::Run scoops up the processes' result codes, for
+instance.
+
+=head2 Spawning synchronization, child exception propagation
+
+start() pauses the parent until the child executes the command or CODE
+reference and propagates any exceptions thrown (including exec()
+failure) back to the parent. This has several pleasant effects: any
+exceptions thrown in the child, including exec() failure, come flying
+out of start() or run() as though they had occurred in the parent.
+
+This includes exceptions your code thrown from init subs. In this
+example:
+
+ eval {
+ run \@cmd, init => sub { die "blast it! foiled again!" };
+ };
+ print $@;
+
+the exception "blast it! foiled again" will be thrown from the child
+process (preventing the exec()) and printed by the parent.
+
+In situations like
+
+ run \@cmd1, "|", \@cmd2, "|", \@cmd3;
+
+@cmd1 will be initted and exec()ed before @cmd2, and @cmd2 before @cmd3.
+This can save time and prevent oddball errors emitted by later commands
+when earlier commands fail to execute. Note that IPC::Run doesn't start
+any commands unless it can find the executables referenced by all
+commands. These executables must pass both the C<-f> and C<-x> tests
+described in L<perlfunc>.
+
+Another nice effect is that init() subs can take their time doing things
+and there will be no problems caused by a parent continuing to execute
+before a child's init() routine is complete. Say the init() routine
+needs to open a socket or a temp file that the parent wants to connect
+to; without this synchronization, the parent will need to implement a
+retry loop to wait for the child to run, since often, the parent gets a
+lot of things done before the child's first timeslice is allocated.
+
+This is also quite necessary for pseudo-tty initialization, which needs
+to take place before the parent writes to the child via pty. Writes
+that occur before the pty is set up can get lost.
+
+A final, minor, nicety is that debugging output from the child will be
+emitted before the parent continues on, making for much clearer debugging
+output in complex situations.
+
+The only drawback I can conceive of is that the parent can't continue to
+operate while the child is being initted. If this ever becomes a
+problem in the field, we can implement an option to avoid this behavior,
+but I don't expect it to.
+
+B<Win32>: executing CODE references isn't supported on Win32, see
+L</Win32 LIMITATIONS> for details.
+
+=head2 Syntax
+
+run(), start(), and harness() can all take a harness specification
+as input. A harness specification is either a single string to be passed
+to the systems' shell:
+
+ run "echo 'hi there'";
+
+or a list of commands, io operations, and/or timers/timeouts to execute.
+Consecutive commands must be separated by a pipe operator '|' or an '&'.
+External commands are passed in as array references, and, on systems
+supporting fork(), Perl code may be passed in as subs:
+
+ run \@cmd;
+ run \@cmd1, '|', \@cmd2;
+ run \@cmd1, '&', \@cmd2;
+ run \&sub1;
+ run \&sub1, '|', \&sub2;
+ run \&sub1, '&', \&sub2;
+
+'|' pipes the stdout of \@cmd1 the stdin of \@cmd2, just like a
+shell pipe. '&' does not. Child processes to the right of a '&'
+will have their stdin closed unless it's redirected-to.
+
+L<IPC::Run::IO> objects may be passed in as well, whether or not
+child processes are also specified:
+
+ run io( "infile", ">", \$in ), io( "outfile", "<", \$in );
+
+as can L<IPC::Run::Timer> objects:
+
+ run \@cmd, io( "outfile", "<", \$in ), timeout( 10 );
+
+Commands may be followed by scalar, sub, or i/o handle references for
+redirecting
+child process input & output:
+
+ run \@cmd, \undef, \$out;
+ run \@cmd, \$in, \$out;
+ run \@cmd1, \&in, '|', \@cmd2, \*OUT;
+ run \@cmd1, \*IN, '|', \@cmd2, \&out;
+
+This is known as succinct redirection syntax, since run(), start()
+and harness(), figure out which file descriptor to redirect and how.
+File descriptor 0 is presumed to be an input for
+the child process, all others are outputs. The assumed file
+descriptor always starts at 0, unless the command is being piped to,
+in which case it starts at 1.
+
+To be explicit about your redirects, or if you need to do more complex
+things, there's also a redirection operator syntax:
+
+ run \@cmd, '<', \undef, '>', \$out;
+ run \@cmd, '<', \undef, '>&', \$out_and_err;
+ run(
+ \@cmd1,
+ '<', \$in,
+ '|', \@cmd2,
+ \$out
+ );
+
+Operator syntax is required if you need to do something other than simple
+redirection to/from scalars or subs, like duping or closing file descriptors
+or redirecting to/from a named file. The operators are covered in detail
+below.
+
+After each \@cmd (or \&foo), parsing begins in succinct mode and toggles to
+operator syntax mode when an operator (ie plain scalar, not a ref) is seen.
+Once in
+operator syntax mode, parsing only reverts to succinct mode when a '|' or
+'&' is seen.
+
+In succinct mode, each parameter after the \@cmd specifies what to
+do with the next highest file descriptor. These File descriptor start
+with 0 (stdin) unless stdin is being piped to (C<'|', \@cmd>), in which
+case they start with 1 (stdout). Currently, being on the left of
+a pipe (C<\@cmd, \$out, \$err, '|'>) does I<not> cause stdout to be
+skipped, though this may change since it's not as DWIMerly as it
+could be. Only stdin is assumed to be an
+input in succinct mode, all others are assumed to be outputs.
+
+If no piping or redirection is specified for a child, it will inherit
+the parent's open file handles as dictated by your system's
+close-on-exec behavior and the $^F flag, except that processes after a
+'&' will not inherit the parent's stdin. Also note that $^F does not
+affect file descriptors obtained via POSIX, since it only applies to
+full-fledged Perl file handles. Such processes will have their stdin
+closed unless it has been redirected-to.
+
+If you want to close a child processes stdin, you may do any of:
+
+ run \@cmd, \undef;
+ run \@cmd, \"";
+ run \@cmd, '<&-';
+ run \@cmd, '0<&-';
+
+Redirection is done by placing redirection specifications immediately
+after a command or child subroutine:
+
+ run \@cmd1, \$in, '|', \@cmd2, \$out;
+ run \@cmd1, '<', \$in, '|', \@cmd2, '>', \$out;
+
+If you omit the redirection operators, descriptors are counted
+starting at 0. Descriptor 0 is assumed to be input, all others
+are outputs. A leading '|' consumes descriptor 0, so this
+works as expected.
+
+ run \@cmd1, \$in, '|', \@cmd2, \$out;
+
+The parameter following a redirection operator can be a scalar ref,
+a subroutine ref, a file name, an open filehandle, or a closed
+filehandle.
+
+If it's a scalar ref, the child reads input from or sends output to
+that variable:
+
+ $in = "Hello World.\n";
+ run \@cat, \$in, \$out;
+ print $out;
+
+Scalars used in incremental (start()/pump()/finish()) applications are treated
+as queues: input is removed from input scalers, resulting in them dwindling
+to '', and output is appended to output scalars. This is not true of
+harnesses run() in batch mode.
+
+It's usually wise to append new input to be sent to the child to the input
+queue, and you'll often want to zap output queues to '' before pumping.
+
+ $h = start \@cat, \$in;
+ $in = "line 1\n";
+ pump $h;
+ $in .= "line 2\n";
+ pump $h;
+ $in .= "line 3\n";
+ finish $h;
+
+The final call to finish() must be there: it allows the child process(es)
+to run to completion and waits for their exit values.
+
+=head1 OBSTINATE CHILDREN
+
+Interactive applications are usually optimized for human use. This
+can help or hinder trying to interact with them through modules like
+IPC::Run. Frequently, programs alter their behavior when they detect
+that stdin, stdout, or stderr are not connected to a tty, assuming that
+they are being run in batch mode. Whether this helps or hurts depends
+on which optimizations change. And there's often no way of telling
+what a program does in these areas other than trial and error and,
+occasionally, reading the source. This includes different versions
+and implementations of the same program.
+
+All hope is not lost, however. Most programs behave in reasonably
+tractable manners, once you figure out what it's trying to do.
+
+Here are some of the issues you might need to be aware of.
+
+=over
+
+=item *
+
+fflush()ing stdout and stderr
+
+This lets the user see stdout and stderr immediately. Many programs
+undo this optimization if stdout is not a tty, making them harder to
+manage by things like IPC::Run.
+
+Many programs decline to fflush stdout or stderr if they do not
+detect a tty there. Some ftp commands do this, for instance.
+
+If this happens to you, look for a way to force interactive behavior,
+like a command line switch or command. If you can't, you will
+need to use a pseudo terminal ('<pty<' and '>pty>').
+
+=item *
+
+false prompts
+
+Interactive programs generally do not guarantee that output from user
+commands won't contain a prompt string. For example, your shell prompt
+might be a '$', and a file named '$' might be the only file in a directory
+listing.
+
+This can make it hard to guarantee that your output parser won't be fooled
+into early termination of results.
+
+To help work around this, you can see if the program can alter it's
+prompt, and use something you feel is never going to occur in actual
+practice.
+
+You should also look for your prompt to be the only thing on a line:
+
+ pump $h until $out =~ /^<SILLYPROMPT>\s?\z/m;
+
+(use C<(?!\n)\Z> in place of C<\z> on older perls).
+
+You can also take the approach that IPC::ChildSafe takes and emit a
+command with known output after each 'real' command you issue, then
+look for this known output. See new_appender() and new_chunker() for
+filters that can help with this task.
+
+If it's not convenient or possibly to alter a prompt or use a known
+command/response pair, you might need to autodetect the prompt in case
+the local version of the child program is different then the one
+you tested with, or if the user has control over the look & feel of
+the prompt.
+
+=item *
+
+Refusing to accept input unless stdin is a tty.
+
+Some programs, for security reasons, will only accept certain types
+of input from a tty. su, notable, will not prompt for a password unless
+it's connected to a tty.
+
+If this is your situation, use a pseudo terminal ('<pty<' and '>pty>').
+
+=item *
+
+Not prompting unless connected to a tty.
+
+Some programs don't prompt unless stdin or stdout is a tty. See if you can
+turn prompting back on. If not, see if you can come up with a command that
+you can issue after every real command and look for it's output, as
+IPC::ChildSafe does. There are two filters included with IPC::Run that
+can help with doing this: appender and chunker (see new_appender() and
+new_chunker()).
+
+=item *
+
+Different output format when not connected to a tty.
+
+Some commands alter their formats to ease machine parsability when they
+aren't connected to a pipe. This is actually good, but can be surprising.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 PSEUDO TERMINALS
+
+On systems providing pseudo terminals under /dev, IPC::Run can use IO::Pty
+(available on CPAN) to provide a terminal environment to subprocesses.
+This is necessary when the subprocess really wants to think it's connected
+to a real terminal.
+
+=head2 CAVEATS
+
+Psuedo-terminals are not pipes, though they are similar. Here are some
+differences to watch out for.
+
+=over
+
+=item Echoing
+
+Sending to stdin will cause an echo on stdout, which occurs before each
+line is passed to the child program. There is currently no way to
+disable this, although the child process can and should disable it for
+things like passwords.
+
+=item Shutdown
+
+IPC::Run cannot close a pty until all output has been collected. This
+means that it is not possible to send an EOF to stdin by half-closing
+the pty, as we can when using a pipe to stdin.
+
+This means that you need to send the child process an exit command or
+signal, or run() / finish() will time out. Be careful not to expect a
+prompt after sending the exit command.
+
+=item Command line editing
+
+Some subprocesses, notable shells that depend on the user's prompt
+settings, will reissue the prompt plus the command line input so far
+once for each character.
+
+=item '>pty>' means '&>pty>', not '1>pty>'
+
+The pseudo terminal redirects both stdout and stderr unless you specify
+a file descriptor. If you want to grab stderr separately, do this:
+
+ start \@cmd, '<pty<', \$in, '>pty>', \$out, '2>', \$err;
+
+=item stdin, stdout, and stderr not inherited
+
+Child processes harnessed to a pseudo terminal have their stdin, stdout,
+and stderr completely closed before any redirection operators take
+effect. This casts of the bonds of the controlling terminal. This is
+not done when using pipes.
+
+Right now, this affects all children in a harness that has a pty in use,
+even if that pty would not affect a particular child. That's a bug and
+will be fixed. Until it is, it's best not to mix-and-match children.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Redirection Operators
+
+ Operator SHNP Description
+ ======== ==== ===========
+ <, N< SHN Redirects input to a child's fd N (0 assumed)
+
+ >, N> SHN Redirects output from a child's fd N (1 assumed)
+ >>, N>> SHN Like '>', but appends to scalars or named files
+ >&, &> SHN Redirects stdout & stderr from a child process
+
+ <pty, N<pty S Like '<', but uses a pseudo-tty instead of a pipe
+ >pty, N>pty S Like '>', but uses a pseudo-tty instead of a pipe
+
+ N<&M Dups input fd N to input fd M
+ M>&N Dups output fd N to input fd M
+ N<&- Closes fd N
+
+ <pipe, N<pipe P Pipe opens H for caller to read, write, close.
+ >pipe, N>pipe P Pipe opens H for caller to read, write, close.
+
+'N' and 'M' are placeholders for integer file descriptor numbers. The
+terms 'input' and 'output' are from the child process's perspective.
+
+The SHNP field indicates what parameters an operator can take:
+
+ S: \$scalar or \&function references. Filters may be used with
+ these operators (and only these).
+ H: \*HANDLE or IO::Handle for caller to open, and close
+ N: "file name".
+ P: \*HANDLE opened by IPC::Run as the parent end of a pipe, but read
+ and written to and closed by the caller (like IPC::Open3).
+
+=over
+
+=item Redirecting input: [n]<, [n]<pipe
+
+You can input the child reads on file descriptor number n to come from a
+scalar variable, subroutine, file handle, or a named file. If stdin
+is not redirected, the parent's stdin is inherited.
+
+ run \@cat, \undef ## Closes child's stdin immediately
+ or die "cat returned $?";
+
+ run \@cat, \$in;
+
+ run \@cat, \<<TOHERE;
+ blah
+ TOHERE
+
+ run \@cat, \&input; ## Calls &input, feeding data returned
+ ## to child's. Closes child's stdin
+ ## when undef is returned.
+
+Redirecting from named files requires you to use the input
+redirection operator:
+
+ run \@cat, '<.profile';
+ run \@cat, '<', '.profile';
+
+ open IN, "<foo";
+ run \@cat, \*IN;
+ run \@cat, *IN{IO};
+
+The form used second example here is the safest,
+since filenames like "0" and "&more\n" won't confuse &run:
+
+You can't do either of
+
+ run \@a, *IN; ## INVALID
+ run \@a, '<', *IN; ## BUGGY: Reads file named like "*main::A"
+
+because perl passes a scalar containing a string that
+looks like "*main::A" to &run, and &run can't tell the difference
+between that and a redirection operator or a file name. &run guarantees
+that any scalar you pass after a redirection operator is a file name.
+
+If your child process will take input from file descriptors other
+than 0 (stdin), you can use a redirection operator with any of the
+valid input forms (scalar ref, sub ref, etc.):
+
+ run \@cat, '3<', \$in3;
+
+When redirecting input from a scalar ref, the scalar ref is
+used as a queue. This allows you to use &harness and pump() to
+feed incremental bits of input to a coprocess. See L</Coprocesses>
+below for more information.
+
+The <pipe operator opens the write half of a pipe on the filehandle
+glob reference it takes as an argument:
+
+ $h = start \@cat, '<pipe', \*IN;
+ print IN "hello world\n";
+ pump $h;
+ close IN;
+ finish $h;
+
+Unlike the other '<' operators, IPC::Run does nothing further with
+it: you are responsible for it. The previous example is functionally
+equivalent to:
+
+ pipe( \*R, \*IN ) or die $!;
+ $h = start \@cat, '<', \*IN;
+ print IN "hello world\n";
+ pump $h;
+ close IN;
+ finish $h;
+
+This is like the behavior of IPC::Open2 and IPC::Open3.
+
+B<Win32>: The handle returned is actually a socket handle, so you can
+use select() on it.
+
+=item Redirecting output: [n]>, [n]>>, [n]>&[m], [n]>pipe
+
+You can redirect any output the child emits
+to a scalar variable, subroutine, file handle, or file name. You
+can have &run truncate or append to named files or scalars. If
+you are redirecting stdin as well, or if the command is on the
+receiving end of a pipeline ('|'), you can omit the redirection
+operator:
+
+ @ls = ( 'ls' );
+ run \@ls, \undef, \$out
+ or die "ls returned $?";
+
+ run \@ls, \undef, \&out; ## Calls &out each time some output
+ ## is received from the child's
+ ## when undef is returned.
+
+ run \@ls, \undef, '2>ls.err';
+ run \@ls, '2>', 'ls.err';
+
+The two parameter form guarantees that the filename
+will not be interpreted as a redirection operator:
+
+ run \@ls, '>', "&more";
+ run \@ls, '2>', ">foo\n";
+
+You can pass file handles you've opened for writing:
+
+ open( *OUT, ">out.txt" );
+ open( *ERR, ">err.txt" );
+ run \@cat, \*OUT, \*ERR;
+
+Passing a scalar reference and a code reference requires a little
+more work, but allows you to capture all of the output in a scalar
+or each piece of output by a callback:
+
+These two do the same things:
+
+ run( [ 'ls' ], '2>', sub { $err_out .= $_[0] } );
+
+does the same basic thing as:
+
+ run( [ 'ls' ], '2>', \$err_out );
+
+The subroutine will be called each time some data is read from the child.
+
+The >pipe operator is different in concept than the other '>' operators,
+although it's syntax is similar:
+
+ $h = start \@cat, $in, '>pipe', \*OUT, '2>pipe', \*ERR;
+ $in = "hello world\n";
+ finish $h;
+ print <OUT>;
+ print <ERR>;
+ close OUT;
+ close ERR;
+
+causes two pipe to be created, with one end attached to cat's stdout
+and stderr, respectively, and the other left open on OUT and ERR, so
+that the script can manually
+read(), select(), etc. on them. This is like
+the behavior of IPC::Open2 and IPC::Open3.
+
+B<Win32>: The handle returned is actually a socket handle, so you can
+use select() on it.
+
+=item Duplicating output descriptors: >&m, n>&m
+
+This duplicates output descriptor number n (default is 1 if n is omitted)
+from descriptor number m.
+
+=item Duplicating input descriptors: <&m, n<&m
+
+This duplicates input descriptor number n (default is 0 if n is omitted)
+from descriptor number m
+
+=item Closing descriptors: <&-, 3<&-
+
+This closes descriptor number n (default is 0 if n is omitted). The
+following commands are equivalent:
+
+ run \@cmd, \undef;
+ run \@cmd, '<&-';
+ run \@cmd, '<in.txt', '<&-';
+
+Doing
+
+ run \@cmd, \$in, '<&-'; ## SIGPIPE recipe.
+
+is dangerous: the parent will get a SIGPIPE if $in is not empty.
+
+=item Redirecting both stdout and stderr: &>, >&, &>pipe, >pipe&
+
+The following pairs of commands are equivalent:
+
+ run \@cmd, '>&', \$out; run \@cmd, '>', \$out, '2>&1';
+ run \@cmd, '>&', 'out.txt'; run \@cmd, '>', 'out.txt', '2>&1';
+
+etc.
+
+File descriptor numbers are not permitted to the left or the right of
+these operators, and the '&' may occur on either end of the operator.
+
+The '&>pipe' and '>pipe&' variants behave like the '>pipe' operator, except
+that both stdout and stderr write to the created pipe.
+
+=item Redirection Filters
+
+Both input redirections and output redirections that use scalars or
+subs as endpoints may have an arbitrary number of filter subs placed
+between them and the child process. This is useful if you want to
+receive output in chunks, or if you want to massage each chunk of
+data sent to the child. To use this feature, you must use operator
+syntax:
+
+ run(
+ \@cmd
+ '<', \&in_filter_2, \&in_filter_1, $in,
+ '>', \&out_filter_1, \&in_filter_2, $out,
+ );
+
+This capability is not provided for IO handles or named files.
+
+Two filters are provided by IPC::Run: appender and chunker. Because
+these may take an argument, you need to use the constructor functions
+new_appender() and new_chunker() rather than using \& syntax:
+
+ run(
+ \@cmd
+ '<', new_appender( "\n" ), $in,
+ '>', new_chunker, $out,
+ );
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Just doing I/O
+
+If you just want to do I/O to a handle or file you open yourself, you
+may specify a filehandle or filename instead of a command in the harness
+specification:
+
+ run io( "filename", '>', \$recv );
+
+ $h = start io( $io, '>', \$recv );
+
+ $h = harness \@cmd, '&', io( "file", '<', \$send );
+
+=head2 Options
+
+Options are passed in as name/value pairs:
+
+ run \@cat, \$in, debug => 1;
+
+If you pass the debug option, you may want to pass it in first, so you
+can see what parsing is going on:
+
+ run debug => 1, \@cat, \$in;
+
+=over
+
+=item debug
+
+Enables debugging output in parent and child. Debugging info is emitted
+to the STDERR that was present when IPC::Run was first C<use()>ed (it's
+C<dup()>ed out of the way so that it can be redirected in children without
+having debugging output emitted on it).
+
+=back
+
+=head1 RETURN VALUES
+
+harness() and start() return a reference to an IPC::Run harness. This is
+blessed in to the IPC::Run package, so you may make later calls to
+functions as members if you like:
+
+ $h = harness( ... );
+ $h->start;
+ $h->pump;
+ $h->finish;
+
+ $h = start( .... );
+ $h->pump;
+ ...
+
+Of course, using method call syntax lets you deal with any IPC::Run
+subclasses that might crop up, but don't hold your breath waiting for
+any.
+
+run() and finish() return TRUE when all subcommands exit with a 0 result
+code. B<This is the opposite of perl's system() command>.
+
+All routines raise exceptions (via die()) when error conditions are
+recognized. A non-zero command result is not treated as an error
+condition, since some commands are tests whose results are reported
+in their exit codes.
+
+=head1 ROUTINES
+
+=over
+
+=cut
+
+use strict;
+use Exporter ();
+use vars qw{$VERSION @ISA @FILTER_IMP @FILTERS @API @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS};
+BEGIN {
+ $VERSION = '0.94';
+ @ISA = qw{ Exporter };
+
+ ## We use @EXPORT for the end user's convenience: there's only one function
+ ## exported, it's homonymous with the module, it's an unusual name, and
+ ## it can be suppressed by "use IPC::Run ();".
+ @FILTER_IMP = qw( input_avail get_more_input );
+ @FILTERS = qw(
+ new_appender
+ new_chunker
+ new_string_source
+ new_string_sink
+ );
+ @API = qw(
+ run
+ harness start pump pumpable finish
+ signal kill_kill reap_nb
+ io timer timeout
+ close_terminal
+ binary
+ );
+ @EXPORT_OK = ( @API, @FILTER_IMP, @FILTERS, qw( Win32_MODE ) );
+ %EXPORT_TAGS = (
+ 'filter_imp' => \@FILTER_IMP,
+ 'all' => \@EXPORT_OK,
+ 'filters' => \@FILTERS,
+ 'api' => \@API,
+ );
+
+}
+
+use strict;
+use IPC::Run::Debug;
+use Exporter;
+use Fcntl;
+use POSIX ();
+BEGIN { if ($] < 5.008) { require Symbol; } }
+use Carp;
+use File::Spec ();
+use IO::Handle;
+require IPC::Run::IO;
+require IPC::Run::Timer;
+use UNIVERSAL ();
+
+use constant Win32_MODE => $^O =~ /os2|Win32/i;
+
+BEGIN {
+ if ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ eval "use IPC::Run::Win32Helper; 1;"
+ or ( $@ && die ) or die "$!";
+ }
+ else {
+ eval "use File::Basename; 1;" or die $!;
+ }
+}
+
+sub input_avail();
+sub get_more_input();
+
+###############################################################################
+
+##
+## Error constants, not too locale-dependant
+use vars qw( $_EIO $_EAGAIN );
+use Errno qw( EIO EAGAIN );
+BEGIN {
+ local $!;
+ $! = EIO; $_EIO = qr/^$!/;
+ $! = EAGAIN; $_EAGAIN = qr/^$!/;
+}
+
+##
+## State machine states, set in $self->{STATE}
+##
+## These must be in ascending order numerically
+##
+sub _newed() {0}
+sub _harnessed(){1}
+sub _finished() {2} ## _finished behave almost exactly like _harnessed
+sub _started() {3}
+
+##
+## Which fds have been opened in the parent. This may have extra fds, since
+## we aren't all that rigorous about closing these off, but that's ok. This
+## is used on Unixish OSs to close all fds in the child that aren't needed
+## by that particular child.
+my %fds;
+
+## There's a bit of hackery going on here.
+##
+## We want to have any code anywhere be able to emit
+## debugging statements without knowing what harness the code is
+## being called in/from, since we'd need to pass a harness around to
+## everything.
+##
+## Thus, $cur_self was born.
+
+use vars qw( $cur_self );
+
+sub _debug_fd {
+ return fileno STDERR unless defined $cur_self;
+
+ if ( _debugging && ! defined $cur_self->{DEBUG_FD} ) {
+ my $fd = select STDERR; $| = 1; select $fd;
+ $cur_self->{DEBUG_FD} = POSIX::dup fileno STDERR;
+ _debug( "debugging fd is $cur_self->{DEBUG_FD}\n" )
+ if _debugging_details;
+ }
+
+ return fileno STDERR unless defined $cur_self->{DEBUG_FD};
+
+ return $cur_self->{DEBUG_FD}
+}
+
+sub DESTROY {
+ ## We absolutely do not want to do anything else here. We are likely
+ ## to be in a child process and we don't want to do things like kill_kill
+ ## ourself or cause other destruction.
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ POSIX::close $self->{DEBUG_FD} if defined $self->{DEBUG_FD};
+ $self->{DEBUG_FD} = undef;
+}
+
+##
+## Support routines (NOT METHODS)
+##
+my %cmd_cache;
+
+sub _search_path {
+ my ( $cmd_name ) = @_;
+ if ( File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute( $cmd_name ) && -x $cmd_name) {
+ _debug "'", $cmd_name, "' is absolute"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ return $cmd_name;
+ }
+
+ my $dirsep =
+ ( Win32_MODE
+ ? '[/\\\\]'
+ : $^O =~ /MacOS/
+ ? ':'
+ : $^O =~ /VMS/
+ ? '[\[\]]'
+ : '/'
+ );
+
+ if ( Win32_MODE
+ && ( $cmd_name =~ /$dirsep/ )
+# && ( $cmd_name !~ /\..+$/ ) ## Only run if cmd_name has no extension?
+ && ( $cmd_name !~ m!\.[^\\/\.]+$! )
+ ) {
+
+ _debug "no extension(.exe), checking ENV{PATHEXT}" if _debugging;
+ for ( split /;/, $ENV{PATHEXT} || ".COM;.BAT;.EXE" ) {
+ my $name = "$cmd_name$_";
+ $cmd_name = $name, last if -f $name && -x _;
+ }
+ _debug "cmd_name is now '$cmd_name'" if _debugging;
+ }
+
+ if ( $cmd_name =~ /($dirsep)/ ) {
+ _debug "'$cmd_name' contains '$1'" if _debugging;
+ croak "file not found: $cmd_name" unless -e $cmd_name;
+ croak "not a file: $cmd_name" unless -f $cmd_name;
+ croak "permission denied: $cmd_name" unless -x $cmd_name;
+ return $cmd_name;
+ }
+
+ if ( exists $cmd_cache{$cmd_name} ) {
+ _debug "'$cmd_name' found in cache: '$cmd_cache{$cmd_name}'"
+ if _debugging;
+ return $cmd_cache{$cmd_name} if -x $cmd_cache{$cmd_name};
+ _debug "'$cmd_cache{$cmd_name}' no longer executable, searching..."
+ if _debugging;
+ delete $cmd_cache{$cmd_name};
+ }
+
+ my @searched_in;
+
+ ## This next bit is Unix/Win32 specific, unfortunately.
+ ## There's been some conversation about extending File::Spec to provide
+ ## a universal interface to PATH, but I haven't seen it yet.
+ my $re = Win32_MODE ? qr/;/ : qr/:/;
+
+LOOP:
+ for ( split( $re, $ENV{PATH} || '', -1 ) ) {
+ $_ = "." unless length $_;
+ push @searched_in, $_;
+
+ my $prospect = File::Spec->catfile( $_, $cmd_name );
+ my @prospects;
+
+ @prospects =
+ ( Win32_MODE && ! ( -f $prospect && -x _ ) )
+ ? map "$prospect$_", split /;/, $ENV{PATHEXT} || ".COM;.BAT;.EXE"
+ : ( $prospect );
+
+ for my $found ( @prospects ) {
+ if ( -f $found && -x _ ) {
+ $cmd_cache{$cmd_name} = $found;
+ last LOOP;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( exists $cmd_cache{$cmd_name} ) {
+ _debug "'", $cmd_name, "' added to cache: '", $cmd_cache{$cmd_name}, "'"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ return $cmd_cache{$cmd_name};
+ }
+
+ croak "Command '$cmd_name' not found in " . join( ", ", @searched_in );
+}
+
+
+sub _empty($) { ! ( defined $_[0] && length $_[0] ) }
+
+## 'safe' versions of otherwise fun things to do. See also IPC::Run::Win32Helper.
+sub _close {
+ confess 'undef' unless defined $_[0];
+ my $fd = $_[0] =~ /^\d+$/ ? $_[0] : fileno $_[0];
+ my $r = POSIX::close $fd;
+ $r = $r ? '' : " ERROR $!";
+ delete $fds{$fd};
+ _debug "close( $fd ) = " . ( $r || 0 ) if _debugging_details;
+}
+
+sub _dup {
+ confess 'undef' unless defined $_[0];
+ my $r = POSIX::dup( $_[0] );
+ croak "$!: dup( $_[0] )" unless defined $r;
+ $r = 0 if $r eq '0 but true';
+ _debug "dup( $_[0] ) = $r" if _debugging_details;
+ $fds{$r} = 1;
+ return $r;
+}
+
+
+sub _dup2_rudely {
+ confess 'undef' unless defined $_[0] && defined $_[1];
+ my $r = POSIX::dup2( $_[0], $_[1] );
+ croak "$!: dup2( $_[0], $_[1] )" unless defined $r;
+ $r = 0 if $r eq '0 but true';
+ _debug "dup2( $_[0], $_[1] ) = $r" if _debugging_details;
+ $fds{$r} = 1;
+ return $r;
+}
+
+sub _exec {
+ confess 'undef passed' if grep !defined, @_;
+# exec @_ or croak "$!: exec( " . join( ', ', @_ ) . " )";
+ _debug 'exec()ing ', join " ", map "'$_'", @_ if _debugging_details;
+
+# {
+## Commented out since we don't call this on Win32.
+# # This works around the bug where 5.6.1 complains
+# # "Can't exec ...: No error" after an exec on NT, where
+# # exec() is simulated and actually returns in Perl's C
+# # code, though Perl's &exec does not...
+# no warnings "exec";
+#
+# # Just in case the no warnings workaround
+# # stops being a workaround, we don't want
+# # old values of $! causing spurious strerr()
+# # messages to appear in the "Can't exec" message
+# undef $!;
+ exec { $_[0] } @_;
+# }
+# croak "$!: exec( " . join( ', ', map "'$_'", @_ ) . " )";
+ ## Fall through so $! can be reported to parent.
+}
+
+
+sub _sysopen {
+ confess 'undef' unless defined $_[0] && defined $_[1];
+_debug sprintf( "O_RDONLY=0x%02x ", O_RDONLY ),
+sprintf( "O_WRONLY=0x%02x ", O_WRONLY ),
+sprintf( "O_RDWR=0x%02x ", O_RDWR ),
+sprintf( "O_TRUNC=0x%02x ", O_TRUNC),
+sprintf( "O_CREAT=0x%02x ", O_CREAT),
+sprintf( "O_APPEND=0x%02x ", O_APPEND),
+if _debugging_details;
+ my $r = POSIX::open( $_[0], $_[1], 0644 );
+ croak "$!: open( $_[0], ", sprintf( "0x%03x", $_[1] ), " )" unless defined $r;
+ _debug "open( $_[0], ", sprintf( "0x%03x", $_[1] ), " ) = $r"
+ if _debugging_data;
+ $fds{$r} = 1;
+ return $r;
+}
+
+sub _pipe {
+ ## Normal, blocking write for pipes that we read and the child writes,
+ ## since most children expect writes to stdout to block rather than
+ ## do a partial write.
+ my ( $r, $w ) = POSIX::pipe;
+ croak "$!: pipe()" unless defined $r;
+ _debug "pipe() = ( $r, $w ) " if _debugging_details;
+ $fds{$r} = $fds{$w} = 1;
+ return ( $r, $w );
+}
+
+sub _pipe_nb {
+ ## For pipes that we write, unblock the write side, so we can fill a buffer
+ ## and continue to select().
+ ## Contributed by Borislav Deianov <borislav@ensim.com>, with minor
+ ## bugfix on fcntl result by me.
+ local ( *R, *W );
+ my $f = pipe( R, W );
+ croak "$!: pipe()" unless defined $f;
+ my ( $r, $w ) = ( fileno R, fileno W );
+ _debug "pipe_nb pipe() = ( $r, $w )" if _debugging_details;
+ unless ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ ## POSIX::fcntl doesn't take fd numbers, so gotta use Perl's and
+ ## then _dup the originals (which get closed on leaving this block)
+ my $fres = fcntl( W, &F_SETFL, O_WRONLY | O_NONBLOCK );
+ croak "$!: fcntl( $w, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK )" unless $fres;
+ _debug "fcntl( $w, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK )" if _debugging_details;
+ }
+ ( $r, $w ) = ( _dup( $r ), _dup( $w ) );
+ _debug "pipe_nb() = ( $r, $w )" if _debugging_details;
+ return ( $r, $w );
+}
+
+sub _pty {
+ require IO::Pty;
+ my $pty = IO::Pty->new();
+ croak "$!: pty ()" unless $pty;
+ $pty->autoflush();
+ $pty->blocking( 0 ) or croak "$!: pty->blocking ( 0 )";
+ _debug "pty() = ( ", $pty->fileno, ", ", $pty->slave->fileno, " )"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ $fds{$pty->fileno} = $fds{$pty->slave->fileno} = 1;
+ return $pty;
+}
+
+
+sub _read {
+ confess 'undef' unless defined $_[0];
+ my $s = '';
+ my $r = POSIX::read( $_[0], $s, 10_000 );
+ croak "$!: read( $_[0] )" if not($r) and $! != POSIX::EINTR;
+ $r ||= 0;
+ _debug "read( $_[0] ) = $r chars '$s'" if _debugging_data;
+ return $s;
+}
+
+
+## A METHOD, not a function.
+sub _spawn {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ my ( $kid ) = @_;
+
+ _debug "opening sync pipe ", $kid->{PID} if _debugging_details;
+ my $sync_reader_fd;
+ ( $sync_reader_fd, $self->{SYNC_WRITER_FD} ) = _pipe;
+ $kid->{PID} = fork();
+ croak "$! during fork" unless defined $kid->{PID};
+
+ unless ( $kid->{PID} ) {
+ ## _do_kid_and_exit closes sync_reader_fd since it closes all unwanted and
+ ## unloved fds.
+ $self->_do_kid_and_exit( $kid );
+ }
+ _debug "fork() = ", $kid->{PID} if _debugging_details;
+
+ ## Wait for kid to get to it's exec() and see if it fails.
+ _close $self->{SYNC_WRITER_FD};
+ my $sync_pulse = _read $sync_reader_fd;
+ _close $sync_reader_fd;
+
+ if ( ! defined $sync_pulse || length $sync_pulse ) {
+ if ( waitpid( $kid->{PID}, 0 ) >= 0 ) {
+ $kid->{RESULT} = $?;
+ }
+ else {
+ $kid->{RESULT} = -1;
+ }
+ $sync_pulse =
+ "error reading synchronization pipe for $kid->{NUM}, pid $kid->{PID}"
+ unless length $sync_pulse;
+ croak $sync_pulse;
+ }
+ return $kid->{PID};
+
+## Wait for pty to get set up. This is a hack until we get synchronous
+## selects.
+if ( keys %{$self->{PTYS}} && $IO::Pty::VERSION < 0.9 ) {
+_debug "sleeping to give pty a chance to init, will fix when newer IO::Pty arrives.";
+sleep 1;
+}
+}
+
+
+sub _write {
+ confess 'undef' unless defined $_[0] && defined $_[1];
+ my $r = POSIX::write( $_[0], $_[1], length $_[1] );
+ croak "$!: write( $_[0], '$_[1]' )" unless $r;
+ _debug "write( $_[0], '$_[1]' ) = $r" if _debugging_data;
+ return $r;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=over
+
+=item run
+
+Run takes a harness or harness specification and runs it, pumping
+all input to the child(ren), closing the input pipes when no more
+input is available, collecting all output that arrives, until the
+pipes delivering output are closed, then waiting for the children to
+exit and reaping their result codes.
+
+You may think of C<run( ... )> as being like
+
+ start( ... )->finish();
+
+, though there is one subtle difference: run() does not
+set \$input_scalars to '' like finish() does. If an exception is thrown
+from run(), all children will be killed off "gently", and then "annihilated"
+if they do not go gently (in to that dark night. sorry).
+
+If any exceptions are thrown, this does a L</kill_kill> before propagating
+them.
+
+=cut
+
+use vars qw( $in_run ); ## No, not Enron;)
+
+sub run {
+ local $in_run = 1; ## Allow run()-only optimizations.
+ my IPC::Run $self = start( @_ );
+ my $r = eval {
+ $self->{clear_ins} = 0;
+ $self->finish;
+ };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ my $x = $@;
+ $self->kill_kill;
+ die $x;
+ }
+ return $r;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item signal
+
+ ## To send it a specific signal by name ("USR1"):
+ signal $h, "USR1";
+ $h->signal ( "USR1" );
+
+If $signal is provided and defined, sends a signal to all child processes. Try
+not to send numeric signals, use C<"KILL"> instead of C<9>, for instance.
+Numeric signals aren't portable.
+
+Throws an exception if $signal is undef.
+
+This will I<not> clean up the harness, C<finish> it if you kill it.
+
+Normally TERM kills a process gracefully (this is what the command line utility
+C<kill> does by default), INT is sent by one of the keys C<^C>, C<Backspace> or
+C<E<lt>DelE<gt>>, and C<QUIT> is used to kill a process and make it coredump.
+
+The C<HUP> signal is often used to get a process to "restart", rereading
+config files, and C<USR1> and C<USR2> for really application-specific things.
+
+Often, running C<kill -l> (that's a lower case "L") on the command line will
+list the signals present on your operating system.
+
+B<WARNING>: The signal subsystem is not at all portable. We *may* offer
+to simulate C<TERM> and C<KILL> on some operating systems, submit code
+to me if you want this.
+
+B<WARNING 2>: Up to and including perl v5.6.1, doing almost anything in a
+signal handler could be dangerous. The most safe code avoids all
+mallocs and system calls, usually by preallocating a flag before
+entering the signal handler, altering the flag's value in the
+handler, and responding to the changed value in the main system:
+
+ my $got_usr1 = 0;
+ sub usr1_handler { ++$got_signal }
+
+ $SIG{USR1} = \&usr1_handler;
+ while () { sleep 1; print "GOT IT" while $got_usr1--; }
+
+Even this approach is perilous if ++ and -- aren't atomic on your system
+(I've never heard of this on any modern CPU large enough to run perl).
+
+=cut
+
+sub signal {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ local $cur_self = $self;
+
+ $self->_kill_kill_kill_pussycat_kill unless @_;
+
+ Carp::cluck "Ignoring extra parameters passed to kill()" if @_ > 1;
+
+ my ( $signal ) = @_;
+ croak "Undefined signal passed to signal" unless defined $signal;
+ for ( grep $_->{PID} && ! defined $_->{RESULT}, @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ _debug "sending $signal to $_->{PID}"
+ if _debugging;
+ kill $signal, $_->{PID}
+ or _debugging && _debug "$! sending $signal to $_->{PID}";
+ }
+
+ return;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item kill_kill
+
+ ## To kill off a process:
+ $h->kill_kill;
+ kill_kill $h;
+
+ ## To specify the grace period other than 30 seconds:
+ kill_kill $h, grace => 5;
+
+ ## To send QUIT instead of KILL if a process refuses to die:
+ kill_kill $h, coup_d_grace => "QUIT";
+
+Sends a C<TERM>, waits for all children to exit for up to 30 seconds, then
+sends a C<KILL> to any that survived the C<TERM>.
+
+Will wait for up to 30 more seconds for the OS to successfully C<KILL> the
+processes.
+
+The 30 seconds may be overridden by setting the C<grace> option, this
+overrides both timers.
+
+The harness is then cleaned up.
+
+The doubled name indicates that this function may kill again and avoids
+colliding with the core Perl C<kill> function.
+
+Returns a 1 if the C<TERM> was sufficient, or a 0 if C<KILL> was
+required. Throws an exception if C<KILL> did not permit the children
+to be reaped.
+
+B<NOTE>: The grace period is actually up to 1 second longer than that
+given. This is because the granularity of C<time> is 1 second. Let me
+know if you need finer granularity, we can leverage Time::HiRes here.
+
+B<Win32>: Win32 does not know how to send real signals, so C<TERM> is
+a full-force kill on Win32. Thus all talk of grace periods, etc. do
+not apply to Win32.
+
+=cut
+
+sub kill_kill {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ my %options = @_;
+ my $grace = $options{grace};
+ $grace = 30 unless defined $grace;
+ ++$grace; ## Make grace time a _minimum_
+
+ my $coup_d_grace = $options{coup_d_grace};
+ $coup_d_grace = "KILL" unless defined $coup_d_grace;
+
+ delete $options{$_} for qw( grace coup_d_grace );
+ Carp::cluck "Ignoring unknown options for kill_kill: ",
+ join " ",keys %options
+ if keys %options;
+
+ $self->signal( "TERM" );
+
+ my $quitting_time = time + $grace;
+ my $delay = 0.01;
+ my $accum_delay;
+
+ my $have_killed_before;
+
+ while () {
+ ## delay first to yield to other processes
+ select undef, undef, undef, $delay;
+ $accum_delay += $delay;
+
+ $self->reap_nb;
+ last unless $self->_running_kids;
+
+ if ( $accum_delay >= $grace*0.8 ) {
+ ## No point in checking until delay has grown some.
+ if ( time >= $quitting_time ) {
+ if ( ! $have_killed_before ) {
+ $self->signal( $coup_d_grace );
+ $have_killed_before = 1;
+ $quitting_time += $grace;
+ $delay = 0.01;
+ $accum_delay = 0;
+ next;
+ }
+ croak "Unable to reap all children, even after KILLing them"
+ }
+ }
+
+ $delay *= 2;
+ $delay = 0.5 if $delay >= 0.5;
+ }
+
+ $self->_cleanup;
+ return $have_killed_before;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item harness
+
+Takes a harness specification and returns a harness. This harness is
+blessed in to IPC::Run, allowing you to use method call syntax for
+run(), start(), et al if you like.
+
+harness() is provided so that you can pre-build harnesses if you
+would like to, but it's not required..
+
+You may proceed to run(), start() or pump() after calling harness() (pump()
+calls start() if need be). Alternatively, you may pass your
+harness specification to run() or start() and let them harness() for
+you. You can't pass harness specifications to pump(), though.
+
+=cut
+
+##
+## Notes: I've avoided handling a scalar that doesn't look like an
+## opcode as a here document or as a filename, though I could DWIM
+## those. I'm not sure that the advantages outweigh the danger when
+## the DWIMer guesses wrong.
+##
+## TODO: allow user to spec default shell. Hmm, globally, in the
+## lexical scope hash, or per instance? 'Course they can do that
+## now by using a [...] to hold the command.
+##
+my $harness_id = 0;
+sub harness {
+ my $options;
+ if ( @_ && ref $_[-1] eq 'HASH' ) {
+ $options = pop;
+ require Data::Dumper;
+ carp "Passing in options as a hash is deprecated:\n", Data::Dumper::Dumper( $options );
+ }
+
+# local $IPC::Run::debug = $options->{debug}
+# if $options && defined $options->{debug};
+
+ my @args;
+ if ( @_ == 1 && ! ref $_[0] ) {
+ if ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ my $command = $ENV{ComSpec} || 'cmd';
+ @args = ( [ $command, '/c', win32_parse_cmd_line $_[0] ] );
+ }
+ else {
+ @args = ( [ qw( sh -c ), @_ ] );
+ }
+ }
+ elsif ( @_ > 1 && ! grep ref $_, @_ ) {
+ @args = ( [ @_ ] );
+ }
+ else {
+ @args = @_;
+ }
+
+ my @errs; # Accum errors, emit them when done.
+
+ my $succinct; # set if no redir ops are required yet. Cleared
+ # if an op is seen.
+
+ my $cur_kid; # references kid or handle being parsed
+
+ my $assumed_fd = 0; # fd to assume in succinct mode (no redir ops)
+ my $handle_num = 0; # 1... is which handle we're parsing
+
+ my IPC::Run $self = bless {}, __PACKAGE__;
+
+ local $cur_self = $self;
+
+ $self->{ID} = ++$harness_id;
+ $self->{IOS} = [];
+ $self->{KIDS} = [];
+ $self->{PIPES} = [];
+ $self->{PTYS} = {};
+ $self->{STATE} = _newed;
+
+ if ( $options ) {
+ $self->{$_} = $options->{$_}
+ for keys %$options;
+ }
+
+ _debug "****** harnessing *****" if _debugging;
+
+ my $first_parse;
+ local $_;
+ my $arg_count = @args;
+ while ( @args ) { for ( shift @args ) {
+ eval {
+ $first_parse = 1;
+ _debug(
+ "parsing ",
+ defined $_
+ ? ref $_ eq 'ARRAY'
+ ? ( '[ ', join( ', ', map "'$_'", @$_ ), ' ]' )
+ : ( ref $_
+ || ( length $_ < 50
+ ? "'$_'"
+ : join( '', "'", substr( $_, 0, 10 ), "...'" )
+ )
+ )
+ : '<undef>'
+ ) if _debugging;
+
+ REPARSE:
+ if ( ref eq 'ARRAY' || ( ! $cur_kid && ref eq 'CODE' ) ) {
+ croak "Process control symbol ('|', '&') missing" if $cur_kid;
+ croak "Can't spawn a subroutine on Win32"
+ if Win32_MODE && ref eq "CODE";
+ $cur_kid = {
+ TYPE => 'cmd',
+ VAL => $_,
+ NUM => @{$self->{KIDS}} + 1,
+ OPS => [],
+ PID => '',
+ RESULT => undef,
+ };
+ push @{$self->{KIDS}}, $cur_kid;
+ $succinct = 1;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $_, 'IPC::Run::IO' ) ) {
+ push @{$self->{IOS}}, $_;
+ $cur_kid = undef;
+ $succinct = 1;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $_, 'IPC::Run::Timer' ) ) {
+ push @{$self->{TIMERS}}, $_;
+ $cur_kid = undef;
+ $succinct = 1;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( /^(\d*)>&(\d+)$/ ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'dup',
+ KFD1 => $2,
+ KFD2 => length $1 ? $1 : 1,
+ };
+ _debug "redirect operators now required" if _debugging_details;
+ $succinct = ! $first_parse;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( /^(\d*)<&(\d+)$/ ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'dup',
+ KFD1 => $2,
+ KFD2 => length $1 ? $1 : 0,
+ };
+ $succinct = ! $first_parse;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( /^(\d*)<&-$/ ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'close',
+ KFD => length $1 ? $1 : 0,
+ };
+ $succinct = ! $first_parse;
+ }
+
+ elsif (
+ /^(\d*) (<pipe)() () () $/x
+ || /^(\d*) (<pty) ((?:\s+\S+)?) (<) () $/x
+ || /^(\d*) (<) () () (.*)$/x
+ ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+
+ $succinct = ! $first_parse;
+
+ my $type = $2 . $4;
+
+ my $kfd = length $1 ? $1 : 0;
+
+ my $pty_id;
+ if ( $type eq '<pty<' ) {
+ $pty_id = length $3 ? $3 : '0';
+ ## do the require here to cause early error reporting
+ require IO::Pty;
+ ## Just flag the pyt's existence for now. It'll be
+ ## converted to a real IO::Pty by _open_pipes.
+ $self->{PTYS}->{$pty_id} = undef;
+ }
+
+ my $source = $5;
+
+ my @filters;
+ my $binmode;
+
+ unless ( length $source ) {
+ if ( ! $succinct ) {
+ while ( @args > 1
+ && (
+ ( ref $args[1] && ! UNIVERSAL::isa $args[1], "IPC::Run::Timer" )
+ || UNIVERSAL::isa $args[0], "IPC::Run::binmode_pseudo_filter"
+ )
+ ) {
+ if ( UNIVERSAL::isa $args[0], "IPC::Run::binmode_pseudo_filter" ) {
+ $binmode = shift( @args )->();
+ }
+ else {
+ push @filters, shift @args
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ $source = shift @args;
+ croak "'$_' missing a source" if _empty $source;
+
+ _debug(
+ 'Kid ', $cur_kid->{NUM}, "'s input fd ", $kfd,
+ ' has ', scalar( @filters ), ' filters.'
+ ) if _debugging_details && @filters;
+ };
+
+ my IPC::Run::IO $pipe = IPC::Run::IO->_new_internal(
+ $type, $kfd, $pty_id, $source, $binmode, @filters
+ );
+
+ if ( ( ref $source eq 'GLOB' || UNIVERSAL::isa $source, 'IO::Handle' )
+ && $type !~ /^<p(ty<|ipe)$/
+ ) {
+ _debug "setting DONT_CLOSE" if _debugging_details;
+ $pipe->{DONT_CLOSE} = 1; ## this FD is not closed by us.
+ _dont_inherit( $source ) if Win32_MODE;
+ }
+
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, $pipe;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( /^() (>>?) (&) () (.*)$/x
+ || /^() (&) (>pipe) () () $/x
+ || /^() (>pipe)(&) () () $/x
+ || /^(\d*)() (>pipe) () () $/x
+ || /^() (&) (>pty) ( \w*)> () $/x
+## TODO: || /^() (>pty) (\d*)> (&) () $/x
+ || /^(\d*)() (>pty) ( \w*)> () $/x
+ || /^() (&) (>>?) () (.*)$/x
+ || /^(\d*)() (>>?) () (.*)$/x
+ ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+
+ $succinct = ! $first_parse;
+
+ my $type = (
+ $2 eq '>pipe' || $3 eq '>pipe'
+ ? '>pipe'
+ : $2 eq '>pty' || $3 eq '>pty'
+ ? '>pty>'
+ : '>'
+ );
+ my $kfd = length $1 ? $1 : 1;
+ my $trunc = ! ( $2 eq '>>' || $3 eq '>>' );
+ my $pty_id = (
+ $2 eq '>pty' || $3 eq '>pty'
+ ? length $4 ? $4 : 0
+ : undef
+ );
+
+ my $stderr_too =
+ $2 eq '&'
+ || $3 eq '&'
+ || ( ! length $1 && substr( $type, 0, 4 ) eq '>pty' );
+
+ my $dest = $5;
+ my @filters;
+ my $binmode = 0;
+ unless ( length $dest ) {
+ if ( ! $succinct ) {
+ ## unshift...shift: '>' filters source...sink left...right
+ while ( @args > 1
+ && (
+ ( ref $args[1] && ! UNIVERSAL::isa $args[1], "IPC::Run::Timer" )
+ || UNIVERSAL::isa $args[0], "IPC::Run::binmode_pseudo_filter"
+ )
+ ) {
+ if ( UNIVERSAL::isa $args[0], "IPC::Run::binmode_pseudo_filter" ) {
+ $binmode = shift( @args )->();
+ }
+ else {
+ unshift @filters, shift @args;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ $dest = shift @args;
+
+ _debug(
+ 'Kid ', $cur_kid->{NUM}, "'s output fd ", $kfd,
+ ' has ', scalar( @filters ), ' filters.'
+ ) if _debugging_details && @filters;
+
+ if ( $type eq '>pty>' ) {
+ ## do the require here to cause early error reporting
+ require IO::Pty;
+ ## Just flag the pyt's existence for now. _open_pipes()
+ ## will new an IO::Pty for each key.
+ $self->{PTYS}->{$pty_id} = undef;
+ }
+ }
+
+ croak "'$_' missing a destination" if _empty $dest;
+ my $pipe = IPC::Run::IO->_new_internal(
+ $type, $kfd, $pty_id, $dest, $binmode, @filters
+ );
+ $pipe->{TRUNC} = $trunc;
+
+ if ( ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $dest, 'GLOB' ) || UNIVERSAL::isa( $dest, 'IO::Handle' ) )
+ && $type !~ /^>(pty>|pipe)$/
+ ) {
+ _debug "setting DONT_CLOSE" if _debugging_details;
+ $pipe->{DONT_CLOSE} = 1; ## this FD is not closed by us.
+ }
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, $pipe;
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'dup',
+ KFD1 => 1,
+ KFD2 => 2,
+ } if $stderr_too;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( $_ eq "|" ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+ unshift @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => '|',
+ KFD => 1,
+ };
+ $succinct = 1;
+ $assumed_fd = 1;
+ $cur_kid = undef;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( $_ eq "&" ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+ unshift @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'close',
+ KFD => 0,
+ };
+ $succinct = 1;
+ $assumed_fd = 0;
+ $cur_kid = undef;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( $_ eq 'init' ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'init',
+ SUB => shift @args,
+ };
+ }
+
+ elsif ( ! ref $_ ) {
+ $self->{$_} = shift @args;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( $_ eq 'init' ) {
+ croak "No command before '$_'" unless $cur_kid;
+ push @{$cur_kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'init',
+ SUB => shift @args,
+ };
+ }
+
+ elsif ( $succinct && $first_parse ) {
+ ## It's not an opcode, and no explicit opcodes have been
+ ## seen yet, so assume it's a file name.
+ unshift @args, $_;
+ if ( ! $assumed_fd ) {
+ $_ = "$assumed_fd<",
+ }
+ else {
+ $_ = "$assumed_fd>",
+ }
+ _debug "assuming '", $_, "'" if _debugging_details;
+ ++$assumed_fd;
+ $first_parse = 0;
+ goto REPARSE;
+ }
+
+ else {
+ croak join(
+ '',
+ 'Unexpected ',
+ ( ref() ? $_ : 'scalar' ),
+ ' in harness() parameter ',
+ $arg_count - @args
+ );
+ }
+ };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+ } }
+
+ die join( '', @errs ) if @errs;
+
+
+ $self->{STATE} = _harnessed;
+# $self->timeout( $options->{timeout} ) if exists $options->{timeout};
+ return $self;
+}
+
+
+sub _open_pipes {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ my @errs;
+
+ my @close_on_fail;
+
+ ## When a pipe character is seen, a pipe is created. $pipe_read_fd holds
+ ## the dangling read end of the pipe until we get to the next process.
+ my $pipe_read_fd;
+
+ ## Output descriptors for the last command are shared by all children.
+ ## @output_fds_accum accumulates the current set of output fds.
+ my @output_fds_accum;
+
+ for ( sort keys %{$self->{PTYS}} ) {
+ _debug "opening pty '", $_, "'" if _debugging_details;
+ my $pty = _pty;
+ $self->{PTYS}->{$_} = $pty;
+ }
+
+ for ( @{$self->{IOS}} ) {
+ eval { $_->init; };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+ else {
+ push @close_on_fail, $_;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ## Loop through the kids and their OPS, interpreting any that require
+ ## parent-side actions.
+ for my $kid ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ unless ( ref $kid->{VAL} eq 'CODE' ) {
+ $kid->{PATH} = _search_path $kid->{VAL}->[0];
+ }
+ if ( defined $pipe_read_fd ) {
+ _debug "placing write end of pipe on kid $kid->{NUM}'s stdin"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ unshift @{$kid->{OPS}}, {
+ TYPE => 'PIPE', ## Prevent next loop from triggering on this
+ KFD => 0,
+ TFD => $pipe_read_fd,
+ };
+ $pipe_read_fd = undef;
+ }
+ @output_fds_accum = ();
+ for my $op ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+# next if $op->{IS_DEBUG};
+ my $ok = eval {
+ if ( $op->{TYPE} eq '<' ) {
+ my $source = $op->{SOURCE};
+ if ( ! ref $source ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to read ", $op->{KFD},
+ " from '" . $source, "' (read only)"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ croak "simulated open failure"
+ if $self->{_simulate_open_failure};
+ $op->{TFD} = _sysopen( $source, O_RDONLY );
+ push @close_on_fail, $op->{TFD};
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $source, 'GLOB' )
+ || UNIVERSAL::isa( $source, 'IO::Handle' )
+ ) {
+ croak
+ "Unopened filehandle in input redirect for $op->{KFD}"
+ unless defined fileno $source;
+ $op->{TFD} = fileno $source;
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to read ", $op->{KFD},
+ " from fd ", $op->{TFD}
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $source, 'SCALAR' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to read ", $op->{KFD},
+ " from SCALAR"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ $op->open_pipe( $self->_debug_fd );
+ push @close_on_fail, $op->{KFD}, $op->{FD};
+
+ my $s = '';
+ $op->{KIN_REF} = \$s;
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $source, 'CODE' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ 'kid ', $kid->{NUM}, ' to read ', $op->{KFD}, ' from CODE'
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ $op->open_pipe( $self->_debug_fd );
+ push @close_on_fail, $op->{KFD}, $op->{FD};
+
+ my $s = '';
+ $op->{KIN_REF} = \$s;
+ }
+ else {
+ croak(
+ "'"
+ . ref( $source )
+ . "' not allowed as a source for input redirection"
+ );
+ }
+ $op->_init_filters;
+ }
+ elsif ( $op->{TYPE} eq '<pipe' ) {
+ _debug(
+ 'kid to read ', $op->{KFD},
+ ' from a pipe IPC::Run opens and returns',
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ my ( $r, $w ) = $op->open_pipe( $self->_debug_fd, $op->{SOURCE} );
+ _debug "caller will write to ", fileno $op->{SOURCE}
+ if _debugging_details;
+
+ $op->{TFD} = $r;
+ $op->{FD} = undef; # we don't manage this fd
+ $op->_init_filters;
+ }
+ elsif ( $op->{TYPE} eq '<pty<' ) {
+ _debug(
+ 'kid to read ', $op->{KFD}, " from pty '", $op->{PTY_ID}, "'",
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ for my $source ( $op->{SOURCE} ) {
+ if ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $source, 'SCALAR' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to read ", $op->{KFD},
+ " from SCALAR via pty '", $op->{PTY_ID}, "'"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ my $s = '';
+ $op->{KIN_REF} = \$s;
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $source, 'CODE' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to read ", $op->{KFD},
+ " from CODE via pty '", $op->{PTY_ID}, "'"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ my $s = '';
+ $op->{KIN_REF} = \$s;
+ }
+ else {
+ croak(
+ "'"
+ . ref( $source )
+ . "' not allowed as a source for '<pty<' redirection"
+ );
+ }
+ }
+ $op->{FD} = $self->{PTYS}->{$op->{PTY_ID}}->fileno;
+ $op->{TFD} = undef; # The fd isn't known until after fork().
+ $op->_init_filters;
+ }
+ elsif ( $op->{TYPE} eq '>' ) {
+ ## N> output redirection.
+ my $dest = $op->{DEST};
+ if ( ! ref $dest ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to write ", $op->{KFD},
+ " to '", $dest, "' (write only, create, ",
+ ( $op->{TRUNC} ? 'truncate' : 'append' ),
+ ")"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ croak "simulated open failure"
+ if $self->{_simulate_open_failure};
+ $op->{TFD} = _sysopen(
+ $dest,
+ ( O_WRONLY
+ | O_CREAT
+ | ( $op->{TRUNC} ? O_TRUNC : O_APPEND )
+ )
+ );
+ if ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ ## I have no idea why this is needed to make the current
+ ## file position survive the gyrations TFD must go
+ ## through...
+ POSIX::lseek( $op->{TFD}, 0, POSIX::SEEK_END() );
+ }
+ push @close_on_fail, $op->{TFD};
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $dest, 'GLOB' ) ) {
+ croak(
+ "Unopened filehandle in output redirect, command $kid->{NUM}"
+ ) unless defined fileno $dest;
+ ## Turn on autoflush, mostly just to flush out
+ ## existing output.
+ my $old_fh = select( $dest ); $| = 1; select( $old_fh );
+ $op->{TFD} = fileno $dest;
+ _debug(
+ 'kid to write ', $op->{KFD}, ' to handle ', $op->{TFD}
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $dest, 'SCALAR' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to write $op->{KFD} to SCALAR"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ $op->open_pipe( $self->_debug_fd );
+ push @close_on_fail, $op->{FD}, $op->{TFD};
+ $$dest = '' if $op->{TRUNC};
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $dest, 'CODE' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid $kid->{NUM} to write $op->{KFD} to CODE"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ $op->open_pipe( $self->_debug_fd );
+ push @close_on_fail, $op->{FD}, $op->{TFD};
+ }
+ else {
+ croak(
+ "'"
+ . ref( $dest )
+ . "' not allowed as a sink for output redirection"
+ );
+ }
+ $output_fds_accum[$op->{KFD}] = $op;
+ $op->_init_filters;
+ }
+
+ elsif ( $op->{TYPE} eq '>pipe' ) {
+ ## N> output redirection to a pipe we open, but don't select()
+ ## on.
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to write ", $op->{KFD},
+ ' to a pipe IPC::Run opens and returns'
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ my ( $r, $w ) = $op->open_pipe( $self->_debug_fd, $op->{DEST} );
+ _debug "caller will read from ", fileno $op->{DEST}
+ if _debugging_details;
+
+ $op->{TFD} = $w;
+ $op->{FD} = undef; # we don't manage this fd
+ $op->_init_filters;
+
+ $output_fds_accum[$op->{KFD}] = $op;
+ }
+ elsif ( $op->{TYPE} eq '>pty>' ) {
+ my $dest = $op->{DEST};
+ if ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $dest, 'SCALAR' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to write ", $op->{KFD},
+ " to SCALAR via pty '", $op->{PTY_ID}, "'"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ $$dest = '' if $op->{TRUNC};
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $dest, 'CODE' ) ) {
+ _debug(
+ "kid ", $kid->{NUM}, " to write ", $op->{KFD},
+ " to CODE via pty '", $op->{PTY_ID}, "'"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ }
+ else {
+ croak(
+ "'"
+ . ref( $dest )
+ . "' not allowed as a sink for output redirection"
+ );
+ }
+
+ $op->{FD} = $self->{PTYS}->{$op->{PTY_ID}}->fileno;
+ $op->{TFD} = undef; # The fd isn't known until after fork().
+ $output_fds_accum[$op->{KFD}] = $op;
+ $op->_init_filters;
+ }
+ elsif ( $op->{TYPE} eq '|' ) {
+ _debug(
+ "pipelining $kid->{NUM} and "
+ . ( $kid->{NUM} + 1 )
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ ( $pipe_read_fd, $op->{TFD} ) = _pipe;
+ if ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ _dont_inherit( $pipe_read_fd );
+ _dont_inherit( $op->{TFD} );
+ }
+ @output_fds_accum = ();
+ }
+ elsif ( $op->{TYPE} eq '&' ) {
+ @output_fds_accum = ();
+ } # end if $op->{TYPE} tree
+ 1;
+ }; # end eval
+ unless ( $ok ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+ } # end for ( OPS }
+ }
+
+ if ( @errs ) {
+ for ( @close_on_fail ) {
+ _close( $_ );
+ $_ = undef;
+ }
+ for ( keys %{$self->{PTYS}} ) {
+ next unless $self->{PTYS}->{$_};
+ close $self->{PTYS}->{$_};
+ $self->{PTYS}->{$_} = undef;
+ }
+ die join( '', @errs )
+ }
+
+ ## give all but the last child all of the output file descriptors
+ ## These will be reopened (and thus rendered useless) if the child
+ ## dup2s on to these descriptors, since we unshift these. This way
+ ## each process emits output to the same file descriptors that the
+ ## last child will write to. This is probably not quite correct,
+ ## since each child should write to the file descriptors inherited
+ ## from the parent.
+ ## TODO: fix the inheritance of output file descriptors.
+ ## NOTE: This sharing of OPS among kids means that we can't easily put
+ ## a kid number in each OPS structure to ping the kid when all ops
+ ## have closed (when $self->{PIPES} has emptied). This means that we
+ ## need to scan the KIDS whenever @{$self->{PIPES}} is empty to see
+ ## if there any of them are still alive.
+ for ( my $num = 0; $num < $#{$self->{KIDS}}; ++$num ) {
+ for ( reverse @output_fds_accum ) {
+ next unless defined $_;
+ _debug(
+ 'kid ', $self->{KIDS}->[$num]->{NUM}, ' also to write ', $_->{KFD},
+ ' to ', ref $_->{DEST}
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ unshift @{$self->{KIDS}->[$num]->{OPS}}, $_;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ## Open the debug pipe if we need it
+ ## Create the list of PIPES we need to scan and the bit vectors needed by
+ ## select(). Do this first so that _cleanup can _clobber() them if an
+ ## exception occurs.
+ @{$self->{PIPES}} = ();
+ $self->{RIN} = '';
+ $self->{WIN} = '';
+ $self->{EIN} = '';
+ ## PIN is a vec()tor that indicates who's paused.
+ $self->{PIN} = '';
+ for my $kid ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ for ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+ if ( defined $_->{FD} ) {
+ _debug(
+ 'kid ', $kid->{NUM}, '[', $kid->{PID}, "]'s ", $_->{KFD},
+ ' is my ', $_->{FD}
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ vec( $self->{ $_->{TYPE} =~ /^</ ? 'WIN' : 'RIN' }, $_->{FD}, 1 ) = 1;
+# vec( $self->{EIN}, $_->{FD}, 1 ) = 1;
+ push @{$self->{PIPES}}, $_;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ for my $io ( @{$self->{IOS}} ) {
+ my $fd = $io->fileno;
+ vec( $self->{RIN}, $fd, 1 ) = 1 if $io->mode =~ /r/;
+ vec( $self->{WIN}, $fd, 1 ) = 1 if $io->mode =~ /w/;
+# vec( $self->{EIN}, $fd, 1 ) = 1;
+ push @{$self->{PIPES}}, $io;
+ }
+
+ ## Put filters on the end of the filter chains to read & write the pipes.
+ ## Clear pipe states
+ for my $pipe ( @{$self->{PIPES}} ) {
+ $pipe->{SOURCE_EMPTY} = 0;
+ $pipe->{PAUSED} = 0;
+ if ( $pipe->{TYPE} =~ /^>/ ) {
+ my $pipe_reader = sub {
+ my ( undef, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return undef unless defined $pipe->{FD};
+ return 0 unless vec( $self->{ROUT}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 );
+
+ vec( $self->{ROUT}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 ) = 0;
+
+ _debug_desc_fd( 'reading from', $pipe ) if _debugging_details;
+ my $in = eval { _read( $pipe->{FD} ) };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ $in = '';
+ ## IO::Pty throws the Input/output error if the kid dies.
+ ## read() throws the bad file descriptor message if the
+ ## kid dies on Win32.
+ die $@ unless
+ $@ =~ $_EIO ||
+ ($@ =~ /input or output/ && $^O =~ /aix/)
+ || ( Win32_MODE && $@ =~ /Bad file descriptor/ );
+ }
+
+ unless ( length $in ) {
+ $self->_clobber( $pipe );
+ return undef;
+ }
+
+ ## Protect the position so /.../g matches may be used.
+ my $pos = pos $$out_ref;
+ $$out_ref .= $in;
+ pos( $$out_ref ) = $pos;
+ return 1;
+ };
+ ## Input filters are the last filters
+ push @{$pipe->{FILTERS}}, $pipe_reader;
+ push @{$self->{TEMP_FILTERS}}, $pipe_reader;
+ }
+ else {
+ my $pipe_writer = sub {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+ return undef unless defined $pipe->{FD};
+ return 0
+ unless vec( $self->{WOUT}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 )
+ || $pipe->{PAUSED};
+
+ vec( $self->{WOUT}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 ) = 0;
+
+ if ( ! length $$in_ref ) {
+ if ( ! defined get_more_input ) {
+ $self->_clobber( $pipe );
+ return undef;
+ }
+ }
+
+ unless ( length $$in_ref ) {
+ unless ( $pipe->{PAUSED} ) {
+ _debug_desc_fd( 'pausing', $pipe ) if _debugging_details;
+ vec( $self->{WIN}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 ) = 0;
+# vec( $self->{EIN}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 ) = 0;
+ vec( $self->{PIN}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 ) = 1;
+ $pipe->{PAUSED} = 1;
+ }
+ return 0;
+ }
+ _debug_desc_fd( 'writing to', $pipe ) if _debugging_details;
+
+ my $c = _write( $pipe->{FD}, $$in_ref );
+ substr( $$in_ref, 0, $c, '' );
+ return 1;
+ };
+ ## Output filters are the first filters
+ unshift @{$pipe->{FILTERS}}, $pipe_writer;
+ push @{$self->{TEMP_FILTERS}}, $pipe_writer;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+sub _dup2_gently {
+ ## A METHOD, NOT A FUNCTION, NEEDS $self!
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ my ( $files, $fd1, $fd2 ) = @_;
+ ## Moves TFDs that are using the destination fd out of the
+ ## way before calling _dup2
+ for ( @$files ) {
+ next unless defined $_->{TFD};
+ $_->{TFD} = _dup( $_->{TFD} ) if $_->{TFD} == $fd2;
+ }
+ $self->{DEBUG_FD} = _dup $self->{DEBUG_FD}
+ if defined $self->{DEBUG_FD} && $self->{DEBUG_FD} == $fd2;
+
+ _dup2_rudely( $fd1, $fd2 );
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item close_terminal
+
+This is used as (or in) an init sub to cast off the bonds of a controlling
+terminal. It must precede all other redirection ops that affect
+STDIN, STDOUT, or STDERR to be guaranteed effective.
+
+=cut
+
+
+sub close_terminal {
+ ## Cast of the bonds of a controlling terminal
+
+ POSIX::setsid() || croak "POSIX::setsid() failed";
+ _debug "closing stdin, out, err"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ close STDIN;
+ close STDERR;
+ close STDOUT;
+}
+
+
+sub _do_kid_and_exit {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ my ( $kid ) = @_;
+
+ my ( $s1, $s2 );
+ if ($] < 5.008) {
+ ## For unknown reasons, placing these two statements in the eval{}
+ ## causes the eval {} to not catch errors after they are executed in
+ ## perl 5.6.0, godforsaken version that it is...not sure about 5.6.1.
+ ## Part of this could be that these symbols get destructed when
+ ## exiting the eval, and that destruction might be what's (wrongly)
+ ## confusing the eval{}, allowing the exception to probpogate.
+ $s1 = Symbol::gensym();
+ $s2 = Symbol::gensym();
+ }
+
+ eval {
+ local $cur_self = $self;
+
+ if ( _debugging ) {
+ _set_child_debug_name( ref $kid->{VAL} eq "CODE"
+ ? "CODE"
+ : basename( $kid->{VAL}->[0] )
+ );
+ }
+
+ ## close parent FD's first so they're out of the way.
+ ## Don't close STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR: they should be inherited or
+ ## overwritten below.
+ my @needed = $self->{noinherit} ? () : ( 1, 1, 1 );
+ $needed[ $self->{SYNC_WRITER_FD} ] = 1;
+ $needed[ $self->{DEBUG_FD} ] = 1 if defined $self->{DEBUG_FD};
+
+ for ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+ $needed[ $_->{TFD} ] = 1 if defined $_->{TFD};
+ }
+
+ ## TODO: use the forthcoming IO::Pty to close the terminal and
+ ## make the first pty for this child the controlling terminal.
+ ## This will also make it so that pty-laden kids don't cause
+ ## other kids to lose stdin/stdout/stderr.
+ my @closed;
+ if ( %{$self->{PTYS}} ) {
+ ## Clean up the parent's fds.
+ for ( keys %{$self->{PTYS}} ) {
+ _debug "Cleaning up parent's ptty '$_'" if _debugging_details;
+ my $slave = $self->{PTYS}->{$_}->slave;
+ $closed[ $self->{PTYS}->{$_}->fileno ] = 1;
+ close $self->{PTYS}->{$_};
+ $self->{PTYS}->{$_} = $slave;
+ }
+
+ close_terminal;
+ $closed[ $_ ] = 1 for ( 0..2 );
+ }
+
+ for my $sibling ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ for ( @{$sibling->{OPS}} ) {
+ if ( $_->{TYPE} =~ /^.pty.$/ ) {
+ $_->{TFD} = $self->{PTYS}->{$_->{PTY_ID}}->fileno;
+ $needed[$_->{TFD}] = 1;
+ }
+
+# for ( $_->{FD}, ( $sibling != $kid ? $_->{TFD} : () ) ) {
+# if ( defined $_ && ! $closed[$_] && ! $needed[$_] ) {
+# _close( $_ );
+# $closed[$_] = 1;
+# $_ = undef;
+# }
+# }
+ }
+ }
+
+ ## This is crude: we have no way of keeping track of browsing all open
+ ## fds, so we scan to a fairly high fd.
+ _debug "open fds: ", join " ", keys %fds if _debugging_details;
+ for (keys %fds) {
+ if ( ! $closed[$_] && ! $needed[$_] ) {
+ _close( $_ );
+ $closed[$_] = 1;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ## Lazy closing is so the same fd (ie the same TFD value) can be dup2'ed on
+ ## several times.
+ my @lazy_close;
+ for ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+ if ( defined $_->{TFD} ) {
+ unless ( $_->{TFD} == $_->{KFD} ) {
+ $self->_dup2_gently( $kid->{OPS}, $_->{TFD}, $_->{KFD} );
+ push @lazy_close, $_->{TFD};
+ }
+ }
+ elsif ( $_->{TYPE} eq 'dup' ) {
+ $self->_dup2_gently( $kid->{OPS}, $_->{KFD1}, $_->{KFD2} )
+ unless $_->{KFD1} == $_->{KFD2};
+ }
+ elsif ( $_->{TYPE} eq 'close' ) {
+ for ( $_->{KFD} ) {
+ if ( ! $closed[$_] ) {
+ _close( $_ );
+ $closed[$_] = 1;
+ $_ = undef;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ elsif ( $_->{TYPE} eq 'init' ) {
+ $_->{SUB}->();
+ }
+ }
+
+ for ( @lazy_close ) {
+ unless ( $closed[$_] ) {
+ _close( $_ );
+ $closed[$_] = 1;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( ref $kid->{VAL} ne 'CODE' ) {
+ open $s1, ">&=$self->{SYNC_WRITER_FD}"
+ or croak "$! setting filehandle to fd SYNC_WRITER_FD";
+ fcntl $s1, F_SETFD, 1;
+
+ if ( defined $self->{DEBUG_FD} ) {
+ open $s2, ">&=$self->{DEBUG_FD}"
+ or croak "$! setting filehandle to fd DEBUG_FD";
+ fcntl $s2, F_SETFD, 1;
+ }
+
+ if ( _debugging ) {
+ my @cmd = ( $kid->{PATH}, @{$kid->{VAL}}[1..$#{$kid->{VAL}}] );
+ _debug 'execing ', join " ", map { /[\s\"]/ ? "'$_'" : $_ } @cmd;
+ }
+
+ die "exec failed: simulating exec() failure"
+ if $self->{_simulate_exec_failure};
+
+ _exec $kid->{PATH}, @{$kid->{VAL}}[1..$#{$kid->{VAL}}];
+
+ croak "exec failed: $!";
+ }
+ };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ _write $self->{SYNC_WRITER_FD}, $@;
+ ## Avoid DESTROY.
+ POSIX::exit 1;
+ }
+
+ ## We must be executing code in the child, otherwise exec() would have
+ ## prevented us from being here.
+ _close $self->{SYNC_WRITER_FD};
+ _debug 'calling fork()ed CODE ref' if _debugging;
+ POSIX::close $self->{DEBUG_FD} if defined $self->{DEBUG_FD};
+ ## TODO: Overload CORE::GLOBAL::exit...
+ $kid->{VAL}->();
+
+ ## There are bugs in perl closures up to and including 5.6.1
+ ## that may keep this next line from having any effect, and it
+ ## won't have any effect if our caller has kept a copy of it, but
+ ## this may cause the closure to be cleaned up. Maybe.
+ $kid->{VAL} = undef;
+
+ ## Use POSIX::exit to avoid global destruction, since this might
+ ## cause DESTROY() to be called on objects created in the parent
+ ## and thus cause double cleanup. For instance, if DESTROY() unlinks
+ ## a file in the child, we don't want the parent to suddenly miss
+ ## it.
+ POSIX::exit 0;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item start
+
+ $h = start(
+ \@cmd, \$in, \$out, ...,
+ timeout( 30, name => "process timeout" ),
+ $stall_timeout = timeout( 10, name => "stall timeout" ),
+ );
+
+ $h = start \@cmd, '<', \$in, '|', \@cmd2, ...;
+
+start() accepts a harness or harness specification and returns a harness
+after building all of the pipes and launching (via fork()/exec(), or, maybe
+someday, spawn()) all the child processes. It does not send or receive any
+data on the pipes, see pump() and finish() for that.
+
+You may call harness() and then pass it's result to start() if you like,
+but you only need to if it helps you structure or tune your application.
+If you do call harness(), you may skip start() and proceed directly to
+pump.
+
+start() also starts all timers in the harness. See L<IPC::Run::Timer>
+for more information.
+
+start() flushes STDOUT and STDERR to help you avoid duplicate output.
+It has no way of asking Perl to flush all your open filehandles, so
+you are going to need to flush any others you have open. Sorry.
+
+Here's how if you don't want to alter the state of $| for your
+filehandle:
+
+ $ofh = select HANDLE; $of = $|; $| = 1; $| = $of; select $ofh;
+
+If you don't mind leaving output unbuffered on HANDLE, you can do
+the slightly shorter
+
+ $ofh = select HANDLE; $| = 1; select $ofh;
+
+Or, you can use IO::Handle's flush() method:
+
+ use IO::Handle;
+ flush HANDLE;
+
+Perl needs the equivalent of C's fflush( (FILE *)NULL ).
+
+=cut
+
+sub start {
+# $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { my $s = shift; Carp::cluck $s; die $s };
+ my $options;
+ if ( @_ && ref $_[-1] eq 'HASH' ) {
+ $options = pop;
+ require Data::Dumper;
+ carp "Passing in options as a hash is deprecated:\n", Data::Dumper::Dumper( $options );
+ }
+
+ my IPC::Run $self;
+ if ( @_ == 1 && UNIVERSAL::isa( $_[0], __PACKAGE__ ) ) {
+ $self = shift;
+ $self->{$_} = $options->{$_} for keys %$options;
+ }
+ else {
+ $self = harness( @_, $options ? $options : () );
+ }
+
+ local $cur_self = $self;
+
+ $self->kill_kill if $self->{STATE} == _started;
+
+ _debug "** starting" if _debugging;
+
+ $_->{RESULT} = undef for @{$self->{KIDS}};
+
+ ## Assume we're not being called from &run. It will correct our
+ ## assumption if need be. This affects whether &_select_loop clears
+ ## input queues to '' when they're empty.
+ $self->{clear_ins} = 1;
+
+ IPC::Run::Win32Helper::optimize $self
+ if Win32_MODE && $in_run;
+
+ my @errs;
+
+ for ( @{$self->{TIMERS}} ) {
+ eval { $_->start };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+ }
+
+ eval { $self->_open_pipes };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+
+ if ( ! @errs ) {
+ ## This is a bit of a hack, we should do it for all open filehandles.
+ ## Since there's no way I know of to enumerate open filehandles, we
+ ## autoflush STDOUT and STDERR. This is done so that the children don't
+ ## inherit output buffers chock full o' redundant data. It's really
+ ## confusing to track that down.
+ { my $ofh = select STDOUT; local $| = 1; select $ofh; }
+ { my $ofh = select STDERR; local $| = 1; select $ofh; }
+ for my $kid ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ $kid->{RESULT} = undef;
+ _debug "child: ",
+ ref( $kid->{VAL} ) eq "CODE"
+ ? "CODE ref"
+ : (
+ "`",
+ join( " ", map /[^\w.-]/ ? "'$_'" : $_, @{$kid->{VAL}} ),
+ "`"
+ ) if _debugging_details;
+ eval {
+ croak "simulated failure of fork"
+ if $self->{_simulate_fork_failure};
+ unless ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ $self->_spawn( $kid );
+ }
+ else {
+## TODO: Test and debug spawning code. Someday.
+ _debug(
+ 'spawning ',
+ join(
+ ' ',
+ map(
+ "'$_'",
+ ( $kid->{PATH}, @{$kid->{VAL}}[1..$#{$kid->{VAL}}] )
+ )
+ )
+ ) if _debugging;
+ ## The external kid wouldn't know what to do with it anyway.
+ ## This is only used by the "helper" pump processes on Win32.
+ _dont_inherit( $self->{DEBUG_FD} );
+ ( $kid->{PID}, $kid->{PROCESS} ) =
+ IPC::Run::Win32Helper::win32_spawn(
+ [ $kid->{PATH}, @{$kid->{VAL}}[1..$#{$kid->{VAL}}] ],
+ $kid->{OPS},
+ );
+ _debug "spawn() = ", $kid->{PID} if _debugging;
+ }
+ };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ ## Close all those temporary filehandles that the kids needed.
+ for my $pty ( values %{$self->{PTYS}} ) {
+ close $pty->slave;
+ }
+
+ my @closed;
+ for my $kid ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ for ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+ my $close_it = eval {
+ defined $_->{TFD}
+ && ! $_->{DONT_CLOSE}
+ && ! $closed[$_->{TFD}]
+ && ( ! Win32_MODE || ! $_->{RECV_THROUGH_TEMP_FILE} ) ## Win32 hack
+ };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+ if ( $close_it || $@ ) {
+ eval {
+ _close( $_->{TFD} );
+ $closed[$_->{TFD}] = 1;
+ $_->{TFD} = undef;
+ };
+ if ( $@ ) {
+ push @errs, $@;
+ _debug 'caught ', $@ if _debugging;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+confess "gak!" unless defined $self->{PIPES};
+
+ if ( @errs ) {
+ eval { $self->_cleanup };
+ warn $@ if $@;
+ die join( '', @errs );
+ }
+
+ $self->{STATE} = _started;
+ return $self;
+}
+
+=item adopt
+
+Experimental feature. NOT FUNCTIONAL YET, NEED TO CLOSE FDS BETTER IN CHILDREN. SEE t/adopt.t for a test suite.
+
+=cut
+
+sub adopt {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ for my $adoptee ( @_ ) {
+ push @{$self->{IOS}}, @{$adoptee->{IOS}};
+ ## NEED TO RENUMBER THE KIDS!!
+ push @{$self->{KIDS}}, @{$adoptee->{KIDS}};
+ push @{$self->{PIPES}}, @{$adoptee->{PIPES}};
+ $self->{PTYS}->{$_} = $adoptee->{PTYS}->{$_}
+ for keys %{$adoptee->{PYTS}};
+ push @{$self->{TIMERS}}, @{$adoptee->{TIMERS}};
+ $adoptee->{STATE} = _finished;
+ }
+}
+
+
+sub _clobber {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ my ( $file ) = @_;
+ _debug_desc_fd( "closing", $file ) if _debugging_details;
+ my $doomed = $file->{FD};
+ my $dir = $file->{TYPE} =~ /^</ ? 'WIN' : 'RIN';
+ vec( $self->{$dir}, $doomed, 1 ) = 0;
+# vec( $self->{EIN}, $doomed, 1 ) = 0;
+ vec( $self->{PIN}, $doomed, 1 ) = 0;
+ if ( $file->{TYPE} =~ /^(.)pty.$/ ) {
+ if ( $1 eq '>' ) {
+ ## Only close output ptys. This is so that ptys as inputs are
+ ## never autoclosed, which would risk losing data that was
+ ## in the slave->parent queue.
+ _debug_desc_fd "closing pty", $file if _debugging_details;
+ close $self->{PTYS}->{$file->{PTY_ID}}
+ if defined $self->{PTYS}->{$file->{PTY_ID}};
+ $self->{PTYS}->{$file->{PTY_ID}} = undef;
+ }
+ }
+ elsif ( UNIVERSAL::isa( $file, 'IPC::Run::IO' ) ) {
+ $file->close unless $file->{DONT_CLOSE};
+ }
+ else {
+ _close( $doomed );
+ }
+
+ @{$self->{PIPES}} = grep
+ defined $_->{FD} && ( $_->{TYPE} ne $file->{TYPE} || $_->{FD} ne $doomed),
+ @{$self->{PIPES}};
+
+ $file->{FD} = undef;
+}
+
+sub _select_loop {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ my $io_occurred;
+
+ my $not_forever = 0.01;
+
+SELECT:
+ while ( $self->pumpable ) {
+ if ( $io_occurred && $self->{break_on_io} ) {
+ _debug "exiting _select(): io occured and break_on_io set"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ last;
+ }
+
+ my $timeout = $self->{non_blocking} ? 0 : undef;
+
+ if ( @{$self->{TIMERS}} ) {
+ my $now = time;
+ my $time_left;
+ for ( @{$self->{TIMERS}} ) {
+ next unless $_->is_running;
+ $time_left = $_->check( $now );
+ ## Return when a timer expires
+ return if defined $time_left && ! $time_left;
+ $timeout = $time_left
+ if ! defined $timeout || $time_left < $timeout;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ##
+ ## See if we can unpause any input channels
+ ##
+ my $paused = 0;
+
+ for my $file ( @{$self->{PIPES}} ) {
+ next unless $file->{PAUSED} && $file->{TYPE} =~ /^</;
+
+ _debug_desc_fd( "checking for more input", $file ) if _debugging_details;
+ my $did;
+ 1 while $did = $file->_do_filters( $self );
+ if ( defined $file->{FD} && ! defined( $did ) || $did ) {
+ _debug_desc_fd( "unpausing", $file ) if _debugging_details;
+ $file->{PAUSED} = 0;
+ vec( $self->{WIN}, $file->{FD}, 1 ) = 1;
+# vec( $self->{EIN}, $file->{FD}, 1 ) = 1;
+ vec( $self->{PIN}, $file->{FD}, 1 ) = 0;
+ }
+ else {
+ ## This gets incremented occasionally when the IO channel
+ ## was actually closed. That's a bug, but it seems mostly
+ ## harmless: it causes us to exit if break_on_io, or to set
+ ## the timeout to not be forever. I need to fix it, though.
+ ++$paused;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( _debugging_details ) {
+ my $map = join(
+ '',
+ map {
+ my $out;
+ $out = 'r' if vec( $self->{RIN}, $_, 1 );
+ $out = $out ? 'b' : 'w' if vec( $self->{WIN}, $_, 1 );
+ $out = 'p' if ! $out && vec( $self->{PIN}, $_, 1 );
+ $out = $out ? uc( $out ) : 'x' if vec( $self->{EIN}, $_, 1 );
+ $out = '-' unless $out;
+ $out;
+ } (0..1024)
+ );
+ $map =~ s/((?:[a-zA-Z-]|\([^\)]*\)){12,}?)-*$/$1/;
+ _debug 'fds for select: ', $map if _debugging_details;
+ }
+
+ ## _do_filters may have closed our last fd, and we need to see if
+ ## we have I/O, or are just waiting for children to exit.
+ my $p = $self->pumpable;
+ last unless $p;
+ if ( $p != 0 && ( ! defined $timeout || $timeout > 0.1 ) ) {
+ ## No I/O will wake the select loop up, but we have children
+ ## lingering, so we need to poll them with a short timeout.
+ ## Otherwise, assume more input will be coming.
+ $timeout = $not_forever;
+ $not_forever *= 2;
+ $not_forever = 0.5 if $not_forever >= 0.5;
+ }
+
+ ## Make sure we don't block forever in select() because inputs are
+ ## paused.
+ if ( ! defined $timeout && ! ( @{$self->{PIPES}} - $paused ) ) {
+ ## Need to return if we're in pump and all input is paused, or
+ ## we'll loop until all inputs are unpaused, which is darn near
+ ## forever. And a day.
+ if ( $self->{break_on_io} ) {
+ _debug "exiting _select(): no I/O to do and timeout=forever"
+ if _debugging;
+ last;
+ }
+
+ ## Otherwise, assume more input will be coming.
+ $timeout = $not_forever;
+ $not_forever *= 2;
+ $not_forever = 0.5 if $not_forever >= 0.5;
+ }
+
+ _debug 'timeout=', defined $timeout ? $timeout : 'forever'
+ if _debugging_details;
+
+ my $nfound;
+ unless ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ $nfound = select(
+ $self->{ROUT} = $self->{RIN},
+ $self->{WOUT} = $self->{WIN},
+ $self->{EOUT} = $self->{EIN},
+ $timeout
+ );
+ }
+ else {
+ my @in = map $self->{$_}, qw( RIN WIN EIN );
+ ## Win32's select() on Win32 seems to die if passed vectors of
+ ## all 0's. Need to report this when I get back online.
+ for ( @in ) {
+ $_ = undef unless index( ( unpack "b*", $_ ), 1 ) >= 0;
+ }
+
+ $nfound = select(
+ $self->{ROUT} = $in[0],
+ $self->{WOUT} = $in[1],
+ $self->{EOUT} = $in[2],
+ $timeout
+ );
+
+ for ( $self->{ROUT}, $self->{WOUT}, $self->{EOUT} ) {
+ $_ = "" unless defined $_;
+ }
+ }
+ last if ! $nfound && $self->{non_blocking};
+
+ if ($nfound < 0) {
+ if ($! == POSIX::EINTR) {
+ # Caught a signal before any FD went ready. Ensure that
+ # the bit fields reflect "no FDs ready".
+ $self->{ROUT} = $self->{WOUT} = $self->{EOUT} = '';
+ $nfound = 0;
+ }
+ else {
+ croak "$! in select";
+ }
+ }
+ ## TODO: Analyze the EINTR failure mode and see if this patch
+ ## is adequate and optimal.
+ ## TODO: Add an EINTR test to the test suite.
+
+ if ( _debugging_details ) {
+ my $map = join(
+ '',
+ map {
+ my $out;
+ $out = 'r' if vec( $self->{ROUT}, $_, 1 );
+ $out = $out ? 'b' : 'w' if vec( $self->{WOUT}, $_, 1 );
+ $out = $out ? uc( $out ) : 'x' if vec( $self->{EOUT}, $_, 1 );
+ $out = '-' unless $out;
+ $out;
+ } (0..128)
+ );
+ $map =~ s/((?:[a-zA-Z-]|\([^\)]*\)){12,}?)-*$/$1/;
+ _debug "selected ", $map;
+ }
+
+ ## Need to copy since _clobber alters @{$self->{PIPES}}.
+ ## TODO: Rethink _clobber(). Rethink $file->{PAUSED}, too.
+ my @pipes = @{$self->{PIPES}};
+ $io_occurred = $_->poll( $self ) ? 1 : $io_occurred for @pipes;
+# FILE:
+# for my $pipe ( @pipes ) {
+# ## Pipes can be shared among kids. If another kid closes the
+# ## pipe, then it's {FD} will be undef. Also, on Win32, pipes can
+# ## be optimized to be files, in which case the FD is left undef
+# ## so we don't try to select() on it.
+# if ( $pipe->{TYPE} =~ /^>/
+# && defined $pipe->{FD}
+# && vec( $self->{ROUT}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 )
+# ) {
+# _debug_desc_fd( "filtering data from", $pipe ) if _debugging_details;
+#confess "phooey" unless UNIVERSAL::isa( $pipe, "IPC::Run::IO" );
+# $io_occurred = 1 if $pipe->_do_filters( $self );
+#
+# next FILE unless defined $pipe->{FD};
+# }
+#
+# ## On Win32, pipes to the child can be optimized to be files
+# ## and FD left undefined so we won't select on it.
+# if ( $pipe->{TYPE} =~ /^</
+# && defined $pipe->{FD}
+# && vec( $self->{WOUT}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 )
+# ) {
+# _debug_desc_fd( "filtering data to", $pipe ) if _debugging_details;
+# $io_occurred = 1 if $pipe->_do_filters( $self );
+#
+# next FILE unless defined $pipe->{FD};
+# }
+#
+# if ( defined $pipe->{FD} && vec( $self->{EOUT}, $pipe->{FD}, 1 ) ) {
+# ## BSD seems to sometimes raise the exceptional condition flag
+# ## when a pipe is closed before we read it's last data. This
+# ## causes spurious warnings and generally renders the exception
+# ## mechanism useless for our purposes. The exception
+# ## flag semantics are too variable (they're device driver
+# ## specific) for me to easily map to any automatic action like
+# ## warning or croaking (try running v0.42 if you don't believe me
+# ## :-).
+# warn "Exception on descriptor $pipe->{FD}";
+# }
+# }
+ }
+
+ return;
+}
+
+
+sub _cleanup {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ _debug "cleaning up" if _debugging_details;
+
+ for ( values %{$self->{PTYS}} ) {
+ next unless ref $_;
+ eval {
+ _debug "closing slave fd ", fileno $_->slave if _debugging_data;
+ close $_->slave;
+ };
+ carp $@ . " while closing ptys" if $@;
+ eval {
+ _debug "closing master fd ", fileno $_ if _debugging_data;
+ close $_;
+ };
+ carp $@ . " closing ptys" if $@;
+ }
+
+ _debug "cleaning up pipes" if _debugging_details;
+ ## _clobber modifies PIPES
+ $self->_clobber( $self->{PIPES}->[0] ) while @{$self->{PIPES}};
+
+ for my $kid ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ _debug "cleaning up kid ", $kid->{NUM} if _debugging_details;
+ if ( ! length $kid->{PID} ) {
+ _debug 'never ran child ', $kid->{NUM}, ", can't reap"
+ if _debugging;
+ for my $op ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+ _close( $op->{TFD} )
+ if defined $op->{TFD} && ! defined $op->{TEMP_FILE_HANDLE};
+ }
+ }
+ elsif ( ! defined $kid->{RESULT} ) {
+ _debug 'reaping child ', $kid->{NUM}, ' (pid ', $kid->{PID}, ')'
+ if _debugging;
+ my $pid = waitpid $kid->{PID}, 0;
+ $kid->{RESULT} = $?;
+ _debug 'reaped ', $pid, ', $?=', $kid->{RESULT}
+ if _debugging;
+ }
+
+# if ( defined $kid->{DEBUG_FD} ) {
+# die;
+# @{$kid->{OPS}} = grep
+# ! defined $_->{KFD} || $_->{KFD} != $kid->{DEBUG_FD},
+# @{$kid->{OPS}};
+# $kid->{DEBUG_FD} = undef;
+# }
+
+ _debug "cleaning up filters" if _debugging_details;
+ for my $op ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+ @{$op->{FILTERS}} = grep {
+ my $filter = $_;
+ ! grep $filter == $_, @{$self->{TEMP_FILTERS}};
+ } @{$op->{FILTERS}};
+ }
+
+ for my $op ( @{$kid->{OPS}} ) {
+ $op->_cleanup( $self ) if UNIVERSAL::isa( $op, "IPC::Run::IO" );
+ }
+ }
+ $self->{STATE} = _finished;
+ @{$self->{TEMP_FILTERS}} = ();
+ _debug "done cleaning up" if _debugging_details;
+
+ POSIX::close $self->{DEBUG_FD} if defined $self->{DEBUG_FD};
+ $self->{DEBUG_FD} = undef;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item pump
+
+ pump $h;
+ $h->pump;
+
+Pump accepts a single parameter harness. It blocks until it delivers some
+input or receives some output. It returns TRUE if there is still input or
+output to be done, FALSE otherwise.
+
+pump() will automatically call start() if need be, so you may call harness()
+then proceed to pump() if that helps you structure your application.
+
+If pump() is called after all harnessed activities have completed, a "process
+ended prematurely" exception to be thrown. This allows for simple scripting
+of external applications without having to add lots of error handling code at
+each step of the script:
+
+ $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out, $err;
+
+ $in = "cd /foo\n";
+ $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
+ die "error cding to /foo:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
+ $out = '';
+
+ $in = "mget *\n";
+ $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
+ die "error retrieving files:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
+
+ $h->finish;
+
+ warn $err if $err;
+
+=cut
+
+sub pump {
+ die "pump() takes only a a single harness as a parameter"
+ unless @_ == 1 && UNIVERSAL::isa( $_[0], __PACKAGE__ );
+
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ local $cur_self = $self;
+
+ _debug "** pumping"
+ if _debugging;
+
+# my $r = eval {
+ $self->start if $self->{STATE} < _started;
+ croak "process ended prematurely" unless $self->pumpable;
+
+ $self->{auto_close_ins} = 0;
+ $self->{break_on_io} = 1;
+ $self->_select_loop;
+ return $self->pumpable;
+# };
+# if ( $@ ) {
+# my $x = $@;
+# _debug $x if _debugging && $x;
+# eval { $self->_cleanup };
+# warn $@ if $@;
+# die $x;
+# }
+# return $r;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item pump_nb
+
+ pump_nb $h;
+ $h->pump_nb;
+
+"pump() non-blocking", pumps if anything's ready to be pumped, returns
+immediately otherwise. This is useful if you're doing some long-running
+task in the foreground, but don't want to starve any child processes.
+
+=cut
+
+sub pump_nb {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ $self->{non_blocking} = 1;
+ my $r = eval { $self->pump };
+ $self->{non_blocking} = 0;
+ die $@ if $@;
+ return $r;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item pumpable
+
+Returns TRUE if calling pump() won't throw an immediate "process ended
+prematurely" exception. This means that there are open I/O channels or
+active processes. May yield the parent processes' time slice for 0.01
+second if all pipes are to the child and all are paused. In this case
+we can't tell if the child is dead, so we yield the processor and
+then attempt to reap the child in a nonblocking way.
+
+=cut
+
+## Undocumented feature (don't depend on it outside this module):
+## returns -1 if we have I/O channels open, or >0 if no I/O channels
+## open, but we have kids running. This allows the select loop
+## to poll for child exit.
+sub pumpable {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ ## There's a catch-22 we can get in to if there is only one pipe left
+ ## open to the child and it's paused (ie the SCALAR it's tied to
+ ## is ''). It's paused, so we're not select()ing on it, so we don't
+ ## check it to see if the child attached to it is alive and it stays
+ ## in @{$self->{PIPES}} forever. So, if all pipes are paused, see if
+ ## we can reap the child.
+ return -1 if grep !$_->{PAUSED}, @{$self->{PIPES}};
+
+ ## See if the child is dead.
+ $self->reap_nb;
+ return 0 unless $self->_running_kids;
+
+ ## If we reap_nb and it's not dead yet, yield to it to see if it
+ ## exits.
+ ##
+ ## A better solution would be to unpause all the pipes, but I tried that
+ ## and it never errored on linux. Sigh.
+ select undef, undef, undef, 0.0001;
+
+ ## try again
+ $self->reap_nb;
+ return 0 unless $self->_running_kids;
+
+ return -1; ## There are pipes waiting
+}
+
+
+sub _running_kids {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ return grep
+ defined $_->{PID} && ! defined $_->{RESULT},
+ @{$self->{KIDS}};
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item reap_nb
+
+Attempts to reap child processes, but does not block.
+
+Does not currently take any parameters, one day it will allow specific
+children to be reaped.
+
+Only call this from a signal handler if your C<perl> is recent enough
+to have safe signal handling (5.6.1 did not, IIRC, but it was being discussed
+on perl5-porters). Calling this (or doing any significant work) in a signal
+handler on older C<perl>s is asking for seg faults.
+
+=cut
+
+my $still_runnings;
+
+sub reap_nb {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ local $cur_self = $self;
+
+ ## No more pipes, look to see if all the kids yet live, reaping those
+ ## that haven't. I'd use $SIG{CHLD}/$SIG{CLD}, but that's broken
+ ## on older (SYSV) platforms and perhaps less portable than waitpid().
+ ## This could be slow with a lot of kids, but that's rare and, well,
+ ## a lot of kids is slow in the first place.
+ ## Oh, and this keeps us from reaping other children the process
+ ## may have spawned.
+ for my $kid ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ if ( Win32_MODE ) {
+ next if ! defined $kid->{PROCESS} || defined $kid->{RESULT};
+ unless ( $kid->{PROCESS}->Wait( 0 ) ) {
+ _debug "kid $kid->{NUM} ($kid->{PID}) still running"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ next;
+ }
+
+ _debug "kid $kid->{NUM} ($kid->{PID}) exited"
+ if _debugging;
+
+ $kid->{PROCESS}->GetExitCode( $kid->{RESULT} )
+ or croak "$! while GetExitCode()ing for Win32 process";
+
+ unless ( defined $kid->{RESULT} ) {
+ $kid->{RESULT} = "0 but true";
+ $? = $kid->{RESULT} = 0x0F;
+ }
+ else {
+ $? = $kid->{RESULT} << 8;
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ next if ! defined $kid->{PID} || defined $kid->{RESULT};
+ my $pid = waitpid $kid->{PID}, POSIX::WNOHANG();
+ unless ( $pid ) {
+ _debug "$kid->{NUM} ($kid->{PID}) still running"
+ if _debugging_details;
+ next;
+ }
+
+ if ( $pid < 0 ) {
+ _debug "No such process: $kid->{PID}\n" if _debugging;
+ $kid->{RESULT} = "unknown result, unknown PID";
+ }
+ else {
+ _debug "kid $kid->{NUM} ($kid->{PID}) exited"
+ if _debugging;
+
+ confess "waitpid returned the wrong PID: $pid instead of $kid->{PID}"
+ unless $pid = $kid->{PID};
+ _debug "$kid->{PID} returned $?\n" if _debugging;
+ $kid->{RESULT} = $?;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item finish
+
+This must be called after the last start() or pump() call for a harness,
+or your system will accumulate defunct processes and you may "leak"
+file descriptors.
+
+finish() returns TRUE if all children returned 0 (and were not signaled and did
+not coredump, ie ! $?), and FALSE otherwise (this is like run(), and the
+opposite of system()).
+
+Once a harness has been finished, it may be run() or start()ed again,
+including by pump()s auto-start.
+
+If this throws an exception rather than a normal exit, the harness may
+be left in an unstable state, it's best to kill the harness to get rid
+of all the child processes, etc.
+
+Specifically, if a timeout expires in finish(), finish() will not
+kill all the children. Call C<<$h->kill_kill>> in this case if you care.
+This differs from the behavior of L</run>.
+
+=cut
+
+sub finish {
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+ my $options = @_ && ref $_[-1] eq 'HASH' ? pop : {};
+
+ local $cur_self = $self;
+
+ _debug "** finishing" if _debugging;
+
+ $self->{non_blocking} = 0;
+ $self->{auto_close_ins} = 1;
+ $self->{break_on_io} = 0;
+ # We don't alter $self->{clear_ins}, start() and run() control it.
+
+ while ( $self->pumpable ) {
+ $self->_select_loop( $options );
+ }
+ $self->_cleanup;
+
+ return ! $self->full_result;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item result
+
+ $h->result;
+
+Returns the first non-zero result code (ie $? >> 8). See L</full_result> to
+get the $? value for a child process.
+
+To get the result of a particular child, do:
+
+ $h->result( 0 ); # first child's $? >> 8
+ $h->result( 1 ); # second child
+
+or
+
+ ($h->results)[0]
+ ($h->results)[1]
+
+Returns undef if no child processes were spawned and no child number was
+specified. Throws an exception if an out-of-range child number is passed.
+
+=cut
+
+sub _assert_finished {
+ my IPC::Run $self = $_[0];
+
+ croak "Harness not run" unless $self->{STATE} >= _finished;
+ croak "Harness not finished running" unless $self->{STATE} == _finished;
+}
+
+
+sub result {
+ &_assert_finished;
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ if ( @_ ) {
+ my ( $which ) = @_;
+ croak(
+ "Only ",
+ scalar( @{$self->{KIDS}} ),
+ " child processes, no process $which"
+ )
+ unless $which >= 0 && $which <= $#{$self->{KIDS}};
+ return $self->{KIDS}->[$which]->{RESULT} >> 8;
+ }
+ else {
+ return undef unless @{$self->{KIDS}};
+ for ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ return $_->{RESULT} >> 8 if $_->{RESULT} >> 8;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item results
+
+Returns a list of child exit values. See L</full_results> if you want to
+know if a signal killed the child.
+
+Throws an exception if the harness is not in a finished state.
+
+=cut
+
+sub results {
+ &_assert_finished;
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ # we add 0 here to stop warnings associated with "unknown result, unknown PID"
+ return map { (0+$_->{RESULT}) >> 8 } @{$self->{KIDS}};
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item full_result
+
+ $h->full_result;
+
+Returns the first non-zero $?. See L</result> to get the first $? >> 8
+value for a child process.
+
+To get the result of a particular child, do:
+
+ $h->full_result( 0 ); # first child's $? >> 8
+ $h->full_result( 1 ); # second child
+
+or
+
+ ($h->full_results)[0]
+ ($h->full_results)[1]
+
+Returns undef if no child processes were spawned and no child number was
+specified. Throws an exception if an out-of-range child number is passed.
+
+=cut
+
+sub full_result {
+ goto &result if @_ > 1;
+ &_assert_finished;
+
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ return undef unless @{$self->{KIDS}};
+ for ( @{$self->{KIDS}} ) {
+ return $_->{RESULT} if $_->{RESULT};
+ }
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item full_results
+
+Returns a list of child exit values as returned by C<wait>. See L</results>
+if you don't care about coredumps or signals.
+
+Throws an exception if the harness is not in a finished state.
+
+=cut
+
+sub full_results {
+ &_assert_finished;
+ my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+
+ croak "Harness not run" unless $self->{STATE} >= _finished;
+ croak "Harness not finished running" unless $self->{STATE} == _finished;
+
+ return map $_->{RESULT}, @{$self->{KIDS}};
+}
+
+
+##
+## Filter Scaffolding
+##
+use vars (
+ '$filter_op', ## The op running a filter chain right now
+ '$filter_num', ## Which filter is being run right now.
+);
+
+##
+## A few filters and filter constructors
+##
+
+=pod
+
+=back
+
+=back
+
+=head1 FILTERS
+
+These filters are used to modify input our output between a child
+process and a scalar or subroutine endpoint.
+
+=over
+
+=item binary
+
+ run \@cmd, ">", binary, \$out;
+ run \@cmd, ">", binary, \$out; ## Any TRUE value to enable
+ run \@cmd, ">", binary 0, \$out; ## Any FALSE value to disable
+
+This is a constructor for a "binmode" "filter" that tells IPC::Run to keep
+the carriage returns that would ordinarily be edited out for you (binmode
+is usually off). This is not a real filter, but an option masquerading as
+a filter.
+
+It's not named "binmode" because you're likely to want to call Perl's binmode
+in programs that are piping binary data around.
+
+=cut
+
+sub binary(;$) {
+ my $enable = @_ ? shift : 1;
+ return bless sub { $enable }, "IPC::Run::binmode_pseudo_filter";
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item new_chunker
+
+This breaks a stream of data in to chunks, based on an optional
+scalar or regular expression parameter. The default is the Perl
+input record separator in $/, which is a newline be default.
+
+ run \@cmd, '>', new_chunker, \&lines_handler;
+ run \@cmd, '>', new_chunker( "\r\n" ), \&lines_handler;
+
+Because this uses $/ by default, you should always pass in a parameter
+if you are worried about other code (modules, etc) modifying $/.
+
+If this filter is last in a filter chain that dumps in to a scalar,
+the scalar must be set to '' before a new chunk will be written to it.
+
+As an example of how a filter like this can be written, here's a
+chunker that splits on newlines:
+
+ sub line_splitter {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return 0 if length $$out_ref;
+
+ return input_avail && do {
+ while (1) {
+ if ( $$in_ref =~ s/\A(.*?\n)// ) {
+ $$out_ref .= $1;
+ return 1;
+ }
+ my $hmm = get_more_input;
+ unless ( defined $hmm ) {
+ $$out_ref = $$in_ref;
+ $$in_ref = '';
+ return length $$out_ref ? 1 : 0;
+ }
+ return 0 if $hmm eq 0;
+ }
+ }
+ };
+
+=cut
+
+sub new_chunker(;$) {
+ my ( $re ) = @_;
+ $re = $/ if _empty $re;
+ $re = quotemeta( $re ) unless ref $re eq 'Regexp';
+ $re = qr/\A(.*?$re)/s;
+
+ return sub {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return 0 if length $$out_ref;
+
+ return input_avail && do {
+ while (1) {
+ if ( $$in_ref =~ s/$re// ) {
+ $$out_ref .= $1;
+ return 1;
+ }
+ my $hmm = get_more_input;
+ unless ( defined $hmm ) {
+ $$out_ref = $$in_ref;
+ $$in_ref = '';
+ return length $$out_ref ? 1 : 0;
+ }
+ return 0 if $hmm eq 0;
+ }
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item new_appender
+
+This appends a fixed string to each chunk of data read from the source
+scalar or sub. This might be useful if you're writing commands to a
+child process that always must end in a fixed string, like "\n":
+
+ run( \@cmd,
+ '<', new_appender( "\n" ), \&commands,
+ );
+
+Here's a typical filter sub that might be created by new_appender():
+
+ sub newline_appender {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return input_avail && do {
+ $$out_ref = join( '', $$out_ref, $$in_ref, "\n" );
+ $$in_ref = '';
+ 1;
+ }
+ };
+
+=cut
+
+sub new_appender($) {
+ my ( $suffix ) = @_;
+ croak "\$suffix undefined" unless defined $suffix;
+
+ return sub {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return input_avail && do {
+ $$out_ref = join( '', $$out_ref, $$in_ref, $suffix );
+ $$in_ref = '';
+ 1;
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+=item new_string_source
+
+TODO: Needs confirmation. Was previously undocumented. in this module.
+
+This is a filter which is exportable. Returns a sub which appends the data passed in to the output buffer and returns 1 if data was appended. 0 if it was an empty string and undef if no data was passed.
+
+NOTE: Any additional variables passed to new_string_source will be passed to the sub every time it's called and appended to the output.
+
+=cut
+
+
+sub new_string_source {
+ my $ref;
+ if ( @_ > 1 ) {
+ $ref = [ @_ ],
+ }
+ else {
+ $ref = shift;
+ }
+
+ return ref $ref eq 'SCALAR'
+ ? sub {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return defined $$ref
+ ? do {
+ $$out_ref .= $$ref;
+ my $r = length $$ref ? 1 : 0;
+ $$ref = undef;
+ $r;
+ }
+ : undef
+ }
+ : sub {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return @$ref
+ ? do {
+ my $s = shift @$ref;
+ $$out_ref .= $s;
+ length $s ? 1 : 0;
+ }
+ : undef;
+ }
+}
+
+=item new_string_sink
+
+TODO: Needs confirmation. Was previously undocumented.
+
+This is a filter which is exportable. Returns a sub which pops the data out of the input stream and pushes it onto the string.
+
+=cut
+
+sub new_string_sink {
+ my ( $string_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return sub {
+ my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;
+
+ return input_avail && do {
+ $$string_ref .= $$in_ref;
+ $$in_ref = '';
+ 1;
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+
+#=item timeout
+#
+#This function defines a time interval, starting from when start() is
+#called, or when timeout() is called. If all processes have not finished
+#by the end of the timeout period, then a "process timed out" exception
+#is thrown.
+#
+#The time interval may be passed in seconds, or as an end time in
+#"HH:MM:SS" format (any non-digit other than '.' may be used as
+#spacing and punctuation). This is probably best shown by example:
+#
+# $h->timeout( $val );
+#
+# $val Effect
+# ======================== =====================================
+# undef Timeout timer disabled
+# '' Almost immediate timeout
+# 0 Almost immediate timeout
+# 0.000001 timeout > 0.0000001 seconds
+# 30 timeout > 30 seconds
+# 30.0000001 timeout > 30 seconds
+# 10:30 timeout > 10 minutes, 30 seconds
+#
+#Timeouts are currently evaluated with a 1 second resolution, though
+#this may change in the future. This means that setting
+#timeout($h,1) will cause a pokey child to be aborted sometime after
+#one second has elapsed and typically before two seconds have elapsed.
+#
+#This sub does not check whether or not the timeout has expired already.
+#
+#Returns the number of seconds set as the timeout (this does not change
+#as time passes, unless you call timeout( val ) again).
+#
+#The timeout does not include the time needed to fork() or spawn()
+#the child processes, though some setup time for the child processes can
+#included. It also does not include the length of time it takes for
+#the children to exit after they've closed all their pipes to the
+#parent process.
+#
+#=cut
+#
+#sub timeout {
+# my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+#
+# if ( @_ ) {
+# ( $self->{TIMEOUT} ) = @_;
+# $self->{TIMEOUT_END} = undef;
+# if ( defined $self->{TIMEOUT} ) {
+# if ( $self->{TIMEOUT} =~ /[^\d.]/ ) {
+# my @f = split( /[^\d\.]+/i, $self->{TIMEOUT} );
+# unshift @f, 0 while @f < 3;
+# $self->{TIMEOUT} = (($f[0]*60)+$f[1])*60+$f[2];
+# }
+# elsif ( $self->{TIMEOUT} =~ /^(\d*)(?:\.(\d*))/ ) {
+# $self->{TIMEOUT} = $1 + 1;
+# }
+# $self->_calc_timeout_end if $self->{STATE} >= _started;
+# }
+# }
+# return $self->{TIMEOUT};
+#}
+#
+#
+#sub _calc_timeout_end {
+# my IPC::Run $self = shift;
+#
+# $self->{TIMEOUT_END} = defined $self->{TIMEOUT}
+# ? time + $self->{TIMEOUT}
+# : undef;
+#
+# ## We add a second because we might be at the very end of the current
+# ## second, and we want to guarantee that we don't have a timeout even
+# ## one second less then the timeout period.
+# ++$self->{TIMEOUT_END} if $self->{TIMEOUT};
+#}
+
+=pod
+
+=item io
+
+Takes a filename or filehandle, a redirection operator, optional filters,
+and a source or destination (depends on the redirection operator). Returns
+an IPC::Run::IO object suitable for harness()ing (including via start()
+or run()).
+
+This is shorthand for
+
+
+ require IPC::Run::IO;
+
+ ... IPC::Run::IO->new(...) ...
+
+=cut
+
+sub io {
+ require IPC::Run::IO;
+ IPC::Run::IO->new( @_ );
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item timer
+
+ $h = start( \@cmd, \$in, \$out, $t = timer( 5 ) );
+
+ pump $h until $out =~ /expected stuff/ || $t->is_expired;
+
+Instantiates a non-fatal timer. pump() returns once each time a timer
+expires. Has no direct effect on run(), but you can pass a subroutine
+to fire when the timer expires.
+
+See L</timeout> for building timers that throw exceptions on
+expiration.
+
+See L<IPC::Run::Timer/timer> for details.
+
+=cut
+
+# Doing the prototype suppresses 'only used once' on older perls.
+sub timer;
+*timer = \&IPC::Run::Timer::timer;
+
+=pod
+
+=item timeout
+
+ $h = start( \@cmd, \$in, \$out, $t = timeout( 5 ) );
+
+ pump $h until $out =~ /expected stuff/;
+
+Instantiates a timer that throws an exception when it expires.
+If you don't provide an exception, a default exception that matches
+/^IPC::Run: .*timed out/ is thrown by default. You can pass in your own
+exception scalar or reference:
+
+ $h = start(
+ \@cmd, \$in, \$out,
+ $t = timeout( 5, exception => 'slowpoke' ),
+ );
+
+or set the name used in debugging message and in the default exception
+string:
+
+ $h = start(
+ \@cmd, \$in, \$out,
+ timeout( 50, name => 'process timer' ),
+ $stall_timer = timeout( 5, name => 'stall timer' ),
+ );
+
+ pump $h until $out =~ /started/;
+
+ $in = 'command 1';
+ $stall_timer->start;
+ pump $h until $out =~ /command 1 finished/;
+
+ $in = 'command 2';
+ $stall_timer->start;
+ pump $h until $out =~ /command 2 finished/;
+
+ $in = 'very slow command 3';
+ $stall_timer->start( 10 );
+ pump $h until $out =~ /command 3 finished/;
+
+ $stall_timer->start( 5 );
+ $in = 'command 4';
+ pump $h until $out =~ /command 4 finished/;
+
+ $stall_timer->reset; # Prevent restarting or expirng
+ finish $h;
+
+See L</timer> for building non-fatal timers.
+
+See L<IPC::Run::Timer/timer> for details.
+
+=cut
+
+# Doing the prototype suppresses 'only used once' on older perls.
+sub timeout;
+*timeout = \&IPC::Run::Timer::timeout;
+
+=pod
+
+=back
+
+=head1 FILTER IMPLEMENTATION FUNCTIONS
+
+These functions are for use from within filters.
+
+=over
+
+=item input_avail
+
+Returns TRUE if input is available. If none is available, then
+&get_more_input is called and its result is returned.
+
+This is usually used in preference to &get_more_input so that the
+calling filter removes all data from the $in_ref before more data
+gets read in to $in_ref.
+
+C<input_avail> is usually used as part of a return expression:
+
+ return input_avail && do {
+ ## process the input just gotten
+ 1;
+ };
+
+This technique allows input_avail to return the undef or 0 that a
+filter normally returns when there's no input to process. If a filter
+stores intermediate values, however, it will need to react to an
+undef:
+
+ my $got = input_avail;
+ if ( ! defined $got ) {
+ ## No more input ever, flush internal buffers to $out_ref
+ }
+ return $got unless $got;
+ ## Got some input, move as much as need be
+ return 1 if $added_to_out_ref;
+
+=cut
+
+sub input_avail() {
+ confess "Undefined FBUF ref for $filter_num+1"
+ unless defined $filter_op->{FBUFS}->[$filter_num+1];
+ length ${$filter_op->{FBUFS}->[$filter_num+1]} || get_more_input;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item get_more_input
+
+This is used to fetch more input in to the input variable. It returns
+undef if there will never be any more input, 0 if there is none now,
+but there might be in the future, and TRUE if more input was gotten.
+
+C<get_more_input> is usually used as part of a return expression,
+see L</input_avail> for more information.
+
+=cut
+
+##
+## Filter implementation interface
+##
+sub get_more_input() {
+ ++$filter_num;
+ my $r = eval {
+ confess "get_more_input() called and no more filters in chain"
+ unless defined $filter_op->{FILTERS}->[$filter_num];
+ $filter_op->{FILTERS}->[$filter_num]->(
+ $filter_op->{FBUFS}->[$filter_num+1],
+ $filter_op->{FBUFS}->[$filter_num],
+ ); # if defined ${$filter_op->{FBUFS}->[$filter_num+1]};
+ };
+ --$filter_num;
+ die $@ if $@;
+ return $r;
+}
+
+1;
+
+=pod
+
+=back
+
+=head1 TODO
+
+These will be addressed as needed and as time allows.
+
+Stall timeout.
+
+Expose a list of child process objects. When I do this,
+each child process is likely to be blessed into IPC::Run::Proc.
+
+$kid->abort(), $kid->kill(), $kid->signal( $num_or_name ).
+
+Write tests for /(full_)?results?/ subs.
+
+Currently, pump() and run() only work on systems where select() works on the
+filehandles returned by pipe(). This does *not* include ActiveState on Win32,
+although it does work on cygwin under Win32 (thought the tests whine a bit).
+I'd like to rectify that, suggestions and patches welcome.
+
+Likewise start() only fully works on fork()/exec() machines (well, just
+fork() if you only ever pass perl subs as subprocesses). There's
+some scaffolding for calling Open3::spawn_with_handles(), but that's
+untested, and not that useful with limited select().
+
+Support for C<\@sub_cmd> as an argument to a command which
+gets replaced with /dev/fd or the name of a temporary file containing foo's
+output. This is like <(sub_cmd ...) found in bash and csh (IIRC).
+
+Allow multiple harnesses to be combined as independent sets of processes
+in to one 'meta-harness'.
+
+Allow a harness to be passed in place of an \@cmd. This would allow
+multiple harnesses to be aggregated.
+
+Ability to add external file descriptors w/ filter chains and endpoints.
+
+Ability to add timeouts and timing generators (i.e. repeating timeouts).
+
+High resolution timeouts.
+
+=head1 Win32 LIMITATIONS
+
+=over
+
+=item Fails on Win9X
+
+If you want Win9X support, you'll have to debug it or fund me because I
+don't use that system any more. The Win32 subsysem has been extended to
+use temporary files in simple run() invocations and these may actually
+work on Win9X too, but I don't have time to work on it.
+
+=item May deadlock on Win2K (but not WinNT4 or WinXPPro)
+
+Spawning more than one subprocess on Win2K causes a deadlock I haven't
+figured out yet, but simple uses of run() often work. Passes all tests
+on WinXPPro and WinNT.
+
+=item no support yet for <pty< and >pty>
+
+These are likely to be implemented as "<" and ">" with binmode on, not
+sure.
+
+=item no support for file descriptors higher than 2 (stderr)
+
+Win32 only allows passing explicit fds 0, 1, and 2. If you really, really need to pass file handles, us Win32API:: GetOsFHandle() or ::FdGetOsFHandle() to
+get the integer handle and pass it to the child process using the command
+line, environment, stdin, intermediary file, or other IPC mechanism. Then
+use that handle in the child (Win32API.pm provides ways to reconstitute
+Perl file handles from Win32 file handles).
+
+=item no support for subroutine subprocesses (CODE refs)
+
+Can't fork(), so the subroutines would have no context, and closures certainly
+have no meaning
+
+Perhaps with Win32 fork() emulation, this can be supported in a limited
+fashion, but there are other very serious problems with that: all parent
+fds get dup()ed in to the thread emulating the forked process, and that
+keeps the parent from being able to close all of the appropriate fds.
+
+=item no support for init => sub {} routines.
+
+Win32 processes are created from scratch, there is no way to do an init
+routine that will affect the running child. Some limited support might
+be implemented one day, do chdir() and %ENV changes can be made.
+
+=item signals
+
+Win32 does not fully support signals. signal() is likely to cause errors
+unless sending a signal that Perl emulates, and C<kill_kill()> is immediately
+fatal (there is no grace period).
+
+=item helper processes
+
+IPC::Run uses helper processes, one per redirected file, to adapt between the
+anonymous pipe connected to the child and the TCP socket connected to the
+parent. This is a waste of resources and will change in the future to either
+use threads (instead of helper processes) or a WaitForMultipleObjects call
+(instead of select). Please contact me if you can help with the
+WaitForMultipleObjects() approach; I haven't figured out how to get at it
+without C code.
+
+=item shutdown pause
+
+There seems to be a pause of up to 1 second between when a child program exits
+and the corresponding sockets indicate that they are closed in the parent.
+Not sure why.
+
+=item binmode
+
+binmode is not supported yet. The underpinnings are implemented, just ask
+if you need it.
+
+=item IPC::Run::IO
+
+IPC::Run::IO objects can be used on Unix to read or write arbitrary files. On
+Win32, they will need to use the same helper processes to adapt from
+non-select()able filehandles to select()able ones (or perhaps
+WaitForMultipleObjects() will work with them, not sure).
+
+=item startup race conditions
+
+There seems to be an occasional race condition between child process startup
+and pipe closings. It seems like if the child is not fully created by the time
+CreateProcess returns and we close the TCP socket being handed to it, the
+parent socket can also get closed. This is seen with the Win32 pumper
+applications, not the "real" child process being spawned.
+
+I assume this is because the kernel hasn't gotten around to incrementing the
+reference count on the child's end (since the child was slow in starting), so
+the parent's closing of the child end causes the socket to be closed, thus
+closing the parent socket.
+
+Being a race condition, it's hard to reproduce, but I encountered it while
+testing this code on a drive share to a samba box. In this case, it takes
+t/run.t a long time to spawn it's chile processes (the parent hangs in the
+first select for several seconds until the child emits any debugging output).
+
+I have not seen it on local drives, and can't reproduce it at will,
+unfortunately. The symptom is a "bad file descriptor in select()" error, and,
+by turning on debugging, it's possible to see that select() is being called on
+a no longer open file descriptor that was returned from the _socket() routine
+in Win32Helper. There's a new confess() that checks for this ("PARENT_HANDLE
+no longer open"), but I haven't been able to reproduce it (typically).
+
+=back
+
+=head1 LIMITATIONS
+
+On Unix, requires a system that supports C<waitpid( $pid, WNOHANG )> so
+it can tell if a child process is still running.
+
+PTYs don't seem to be non-blocking on some versions of Solaris. Here's a
+test script contributed by Borislav Deianov <borislav@ensim.com> to see
+if you have the problem. If it dies, you have the problem.
+
+ #!/usr/bin/perl
+
+ use IPC::Run qw(run);
+ use Fcntl;
+ use IO::Pty;
+
+ sub makecmd {
+ return ['perl', '-e',
+ '<STDIN>, print "\n" x '.$_[0].'; while(<STDIN>){last if /end/}'];
+ }
+
+ #pipe R, W;
+ #fcntl(W, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
+ #while (syswrite(W, "\n", 1)) { $pipebuf++ };
+ #print "pipe buffer size is $pipebuf\n";
+ my $pipebuf=4096;
+ my $in = "\n" x ($pipebuf * 2) . "end\n";
+ my $out;
+
+ $SIG{ALRM} = sub { die "Never completed!\n" };
+
+ print "reading from scalar via pipe...";
+ alarm( 2 );
+ run(makecmd($pipebuf * 2), '<', \$in, '>', \$out);
+ alarm( 0 );
+ print "done\n";
+
+ print "reading from code via pipe... ";
+ alarm( 2 );
+ run(makecmd($pipebuf * 3), '<', sub { $t = $in; undef $in; $t}, '>', \$out);
+ alarm( 0 );
+ print "done\n";
+
+ $pty = IO::Pty->new();
+ $pty->blocking(0);
+ $slave = $pty->slave();
+ while ($pty->syswrite("\n", 1)) { $ptybuf++ };
+ print "pty buffer size is $ptybuf\n";
+ $in = "\n" x ($ptybuf * 3) . "end\n";
+
+ print "reading via pty... ";
+ alarm( 2 );
+ run(makecmd($ptybuf * 3), '<pty<', \$in, '>', \$out);
+ alarm(0);
+ print "done\n";
+
+No support for ';', '&&', '||', '{ ... }', etc: use perl's, since run()
+returns TRUE when the command exits with a 0 result code.
+
+Does not provide shell-like string interpolation.
+
+No support for C<cd>, C<setenv>, or C<export>: do these in an init() sub
+
+ run(
+ \cmd,
+ ...
+ init => sub {
+ chdir $dir or die $!;
+ $ENV{FOO}='BAR'
+ }
+ );
+
+Timeout calculation does not allow absolute times, or specification of
+days, months, etc.
+
+B<WARNING:> Function coprocesses (C<run \&foo, ...>) suffer from two
+limitations. The first is that it is difficult to close all filehandles the
+child inherits from the parent, since there is no way to scan all open
+FILEHANDLEs in Perl and it both painful and a bit dangerous to close all open
+file descriptors with C<POSIX::close()>. Painful because we can't tell which
+fds are open at the POSIX level, either, so we'd have to scan all possible fds
+and close any that we don't want open (normally C<exec()> closes any
+non-inheritable but we don't C<exec()> for &sub processes.
+
+The second problem is that Perl's DESTROY subs and other on-exit cleanup gets
+run in the child process. If objects are instantiated in the parent before the
+child is forked, the DESTROY will get run once in the parent and once in
+the child. When coprocess subs exit, POSIX::exit is called to work around this,
+but it means that objects that are still referred to at that time are not
+cleaned up. So setting package vars or closure vars to point to objects that
+rely on DESTROY to affect things outside the process (files, etc), will
+lead to bugs.
+
+I goofed on the syntax: "<pipe" vs. "<pty<" and ">filename" are both
+oddities.
+
+=head1 TODO
+
+=over
+
+=item Allow one harness to "adopt" another:
+
+ $new_h = harness \@cmd2;
+ $h->adopt( $new_h );
+
+=item Close all filehandles not explicitly marked to stay open.
+
+The problem with this one is that there's no good way to scan all open
+FILEHANDLEs in Perl, yet you don't want child processes inheriting handles
+willy-nilly.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 INSPIRATION
+
+Well, select() and waitpid() badly needed wrapping, and open3() isn't
+open-minded enough for me.
+
+The shell-like API inspired by a message Russ Allbery sent to perl5-porters,
+which included:
+
+ I've thought for some time that it would be
+ nice to have a module that could handle full Bourne shell pipe syntax
+ internally, with fork and exec, without ever invoking a shell. Something
+ that you could give things like:
+
+ pipeopen (PIPE, [ qw/cat file/ ], '|', [ 'analyze', @args ], '>&3');
+
+Message ylln51p2b6.fsf@windlord.stanford.edu, on 2000/02/04.
+
+=head1 SUPPORT
+
+Bugs should always be submitted via the CPAN bug tracker
+
+L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=IPC-Run>
+
+For other issues, contact the maintainer (the first listed author)
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+Adam Kennedy <adamk@cpan.org>
+
+Barrie Slaymaker <barries@slaysys.com>
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT
+
+Some parts copyright 2008 - 2009 Adam Kennedy.
+
+Copyright 1999 Barrie Slaymaker.
+
+You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+
+=cut
