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#####################################################################
###########################  CORE ###################################
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/** \addtogroup GRAS_API

\htmlonly
<div class="toc">
<div class="tocTitle">Table of content</div>
<ol type="1">
<li> <a href="#GRAS_funct">API documentation</a>
<li> <a href="#GRAS_example">Examples</a>
<li> <a href="#GRAS_tut_presentation">Tutorial</a>
<li> <a href="#GRAS_howto_presentation">HOWTOs</a>
</div>
\endhtmlonly

    \section GRAS_funct API documentation
     GRAS offers the following functionnalities
     - <b>\ref GRAS_comm</b>: Exchanging messages between peers
       - \ref GRAS_dd : any data which may transit on the network must be
         described beforehand so that GRAS can handle the platform
         heterogeneity and convert them if needed.
       - \ref GRAS_sock : this is how to open a communication channel to
         other processes, and retrive information about them.
       - \ref GRAS_msg : communications are message oriented. You have to
         describe all possible messages and their payload beforehand, and
         can then attach callbacks to the arrival of a given kind of message. 
       - \ref GRAS_timer : this is how to program repetitive and delayed
         tasks, not unlike cron(8) and at(1). This cannot be used to timeout
         a function (like setitimer(2) or signal(2) games could do).
     - <b>\ref GRAS_run</b>: Running both on top of the simulator and on
       top of real platforms, and portability support.
       - \ref GRAS_virtu : You naturally don't want to call the
          gettimeofday(2) function in simulation mode since it would give
          you the time on the host running the simulation, not the time in
          the simulated world (you are belonging to).\n
          This a system call virtualization layer, which also acts as a
          portability layer.
       - \ref GRAS_globals : The use of globals is forbidden since the
         "processes" are threads in simulation mode. \n
         This is how to let GRAS handle your globals properly.
       - \ref GRAS_emul : Support to emulate code excution (ie, reporting
         execution time into the simulator and having code sections specific
         to simulation or to real mode).     
          
    \section GRAS_example Examples
      
    There is for now rather few examples of GRAS, but it's better than
    nothing, isn't it?
    
       - \ref GRAS_ex_ping
       - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc
       - \ref GRAS_ex_token
       - \ref GRAS_ex_timer
      
     The initiatic tour of the tutorial also contains several examples. The
     most proeminent one is:
      
       - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_explicitwait_use
       
    \section GRAS_tut_presentation Tutorial
    
    We even have a tutorial for the GRAS framework. It details in a
    hopefully pedagogic order all the points of the API, along with example
    of use for each of them. Unfortunately, it is not finished yet (the main
    part missing is the one on how to describe data). Here is the table of
    content:
    
       - \ref GRAS_tut_intro
         - \ref GRAS_tut_intro_what
         - \ref GRAS_tut_intro_model
       - \ref GRAS_tut_tour
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_install
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_setup
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_simpleexchange
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_args
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_callbacks
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_globals
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_logs
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_timers
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_exceptions
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_rpc
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_explicitwait
         - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_message_recaping

    \section GRAS_howto_presentation HOWTOs
    
    The tutorial and the API documentation present the framework little
    piece by little piece and provide a lot of information on each of them.
    Quite orthogonally to this, the HOWTOs try to present transversal
    aspects of the framework to give you some broader point of view on it.
    How infortunate it is that only one such HOWTO exist for now...

       - \ref GRAS_howto
         - \ref GRAS_howto_design

    @{ */
       /** @defgroup GRAS_comm    Communication facilities */
       /** @defgroup GRAS_run     Virtualization */
       /** @defgroup GRAS_ex      Examples */
       /** @defgroup GRAS_tut     GRAS Tutorial */
/** @} */
#####################################################################
/** @addtogroup GRAS_comm

   Here are the communication facilities. GRAS allows you to exchange
   <i>messages</i> on <i>sockets</i> (which can be seen as pipes between
   processes). On reception, messages start <i>callbacks</i> (that's the
   default communication mode, not the only one). All messages of a given
   type convey the same kind of data, and you have to describe it
   beforehand.

   Timers are also seen as a mean of communication (with yourself). It
   allows you to run a repetitive task ("do this every N second until I tell
   you to stop"), or to deffer a treatment ("do this in 3 sec").

    @{ */     
       /** @defgroup GRAS_dd      Data description      */       
       /** @defgroup GRAS_sock    Sockets               */           
       /** @defgroup GRAS_msg     Messages              */               
       /** @defgroup GRAS_timer   Timers                */               
     
/** @} */
#####################################################################
/** @addtogroup GRAS_run

   Virtualization facilities allow your code to run both on top of the simulator or in real setting.

    @{ */     
         
       /** @defgroup GRAS_globals Globals               */ 
       /** @defgroup GRAS_emul    Emulation support */ 
       /** @defgroup GRAS_virtu   Syscalls              */ 

/** @} */

#####################################################################
/** @addtogroup GRAS_ex

    There is for now rather few examples of GRAS, but it's better than
    nothing, isn't it?

       - \ref GRAS_ex_ping
       - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc
       - \ref GRAS_ex_token
       - \ref GRAS_ex_timer

     The initiatic tour of the tutorial also contains several examples. The
     most proeminent one is:
      
       - \ref GRAS_tut_tour_explicitwait_use
       
    \htmlonly <!-- 
      DOXYGEN_NAVBAR_CHILD "Ping-Pong"=GRAS_ex_ping.html
      DOXYGEN_NAVBAR_CHILD "RPC"=GRAS_ex_mmrpc.html
      DOXYGEN_NAVBAR_CHILD "Token Ring"=GRAS_ex_token.html
      DOXYGEN_NAVBAR_CHILD "Timers"=GRAS_ex_timer.html
    --> \endhtmlonly

  There is some more examples in the distribution, under the directory
  <tt>examples/gras</tt>.
*/

#####################################################################
#########################  EXAMPLES #################################
#####################################################################

---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- Ping Pong ---------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------

/** \page GRAS_ex_ping The classical Ping-Pong in GRAS

    This example implements the very classical ping-pong in GRAS. It
    involves a client (initiating the ping-pong) and a server (answering to 
    client's requests).

    It works the following way:
     - Both the client and the server register all needed messages
     - The server registers a callback to the ping message, which sends pong
       to the expeditor
     - The client sends the ping message to the server, and waits for the
       pong message as an answer.
 
    This example resides in the <b>examples/gras/ping/ping.c</b> file. Yes, both
    the code of the client and of the server is placed in the same file. See
    the \ref GRAS_tut_tour_setup of the tutorial if wondering.

    \section GRAS_ex_ping_toc Table of contents of the ping example
      - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_common
        - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_initial
        - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_register
      - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_server
        - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_serdata
        - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_sercb
        - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_sermain
      - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_client
        - \ref GRAS_ex_ping_climain
        
    <hr>

    \dontinclude gras/ping/ping_common.c
    
    \section GRAS_ex_ping_common 1) Common code to the client and the server 
    
    \subsection GRAS_ex_ping_initial 1.a) Initial settings
    
    Let's first load the module header and declare a logging category (see
    \ref XBT_log for more info on logging).
    
    \skip include
    \until XBT_LOG
    
    The module header <tt>ping.h</tt> reads:
    
    \dontinclude gras/ping/ping.h
    \skip include
    \until argv
    \until argv

    \subsection GRAS_ex_ping_register 1.b) Register the messages
    
    This function, called by both the client and the server is in charge of
    declaring the existing messages to GRAS. Since the payload does not
    involve any newly created types but only int, this is quite easy. 
    (to exchange more complicated types, see \ref GRAS_dd or 
    \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc for an example).

    \dontinclude gras/ping/ping_common.c
    \skip register_messages
    \until }

    [Back to \ref GRAS_ex_ping_toc]

    \section GRAS_ex_ping_server 2) Server's code
    
    \subsection GRAS_ex_ping_serdata 2.a) The server's globals

    In order to ensure the communication between the "main" and the callback
    of the server, we need to declare some globals. We have to put them in a
    struct definition so that they can be handled properly in GRAS (see the
    \ref GRAS_tut_tour_globals for more info).

    \dontinclude gras/ping/ping_server.c
    \skip typedef struct
    \until }
    
    \subsection GRAS_ex_ping_sercb 2.b) The callback to the ping message

    Here is the callback run when the server receives any ping message (this
    will be registered later by the server).
    
    \skip server_cb_ping_handler
    \until end_of_server_cb_ping_handler

    \subsection GRAS_ex_ping_sermain 2.c) The "main" of the server
    
    This is the "main" of the server. As explained in the tutorial, \ref
    GRAS_tut_tour_setup, you must not write any main()
    function yourself. Instead, you just have to write a regular function
    like this one which will act as a main.
    
    \skip server
    \until end_of_server

    [Back to \ref GRAS_ex_ping_toc]
    
    \section GRAS_ex_ping_client 3) Client's code
    
    \subsection GRAS_ex_ping_climain 3.a) Client's "main" function
    
    This function is quite straightforward, and the inlined comments should
    be enough to understand it.

    \dontinclude gras/ping/ping_client.c
    \skip client
    \until end_of_client

    [Back to \ref GRAS_ex_ping_toc]
 */

---------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------- Simple Token Ring -----------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------

/** \page GRAS_ex_token Token Ring example

   This example implements the token ring algorithm. It involves several
   nodes arranged in a ring (each of them have a left and a right neighbour)
   and exchanging a "token". This algorithm is one of the solution to ensure
   the mutual exclusion between distributed processes. There is only one
   token at any time, so the process in its possession is ensured to be the
   only one having it. So, if there is an action you want all processes to
   do alternativly, but you cannot afford to have two processes doing it at
   the same time, let the process having the token doing it.
   
   Actually, there is a lot of different token ring algorithms in the
   litterature, so this example implements one of them: the simplest one.
   The ring is static (no new node can join it, and you'll get trouble if
   one node dies or leaves), and nothing is done for the case in which the
   token is lost. 

   - \ref GRAS_ex_stoken_deploy
   - \ref GRAS_ex_stoken_global
   - \ref GRAS_ex_stoken_callback
   - \ref GRAS_ex_stoken_main

   \section GRAS_ex_stoken_deploy 1) Deployment file

   Here is the deployment file:
   \include examples/gras/mutual_exclusion/simple_token/simple_token.xml
   
   The neighbour of each node is given at startup as command line argument.
   Moreover, one of the nodes is instructed by a specific argument (the one
   on Tremblay here) to create the token at the begining of the algorithm.
   
   \section GRAS_ex_stoken_global 2) Global definition
   
   The token is incarned by a specific message, which circulates from node
   to node (the payload is an integer incremented at each hop). So, the most
   important part of the code is the message callback, which forwards the
   message to the next node. That is why we have to store all variable in a
   global, as explained in the \ref GRAS_globals section. 

   \dontinclude examples/gras/mutual_exclusion/simple_token/simple_token.c
   \skip typedef
   \until }
   
   \section GRAS_ex_stoken_callback 3) The callback
   
   Even if this is the core of this algorithm, this function is quite
   straightforward.
   
   \skip node_cb_stoken_handler
   \until end_of_node_cb_stoken_handler

   \section GRAS_ex_stoken_main 4) The main function
   
   This function is splited in two parts: The first one performs all the
   needed initialisations (points 1-7) while the end (point 8. below) calls 
   gras_msg_handle() as long as the planned amount of ring loops are not
   performed.
   
   \skip node
   \until end_of_node

*/

---------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------- MM RPC -----------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------

/** \page GRAS_ex_mmrpc A simple RPC for matrix multiplication

    This example implements a remote matrix multiplication. It involves a client 
    (creating the matrices and sending the multiplications requests) and a server 
    (computing the multiplication on client's behalf).

    This example also constitutes a more advanced example of data description 
    mechanisms, since the message payload type is a bit more complicated than in 
    other examples such as the ping one (\ref GRAS_ex_ping).

    It works the following way (not very different from the ping example):
     - Both the client and the server register all needed messages and datatypes
     - The server registers a callback to the "request" message, which computes
       what needs to be and returns the result to the expeditor.
     - The client creates two matrices, ask for their multiplication and check 
       the server's answer.
 
    This example resides in the <b>examples/gras/mmrpc/mmrpc.c</b> file. (See
    the \ref GRAS_tut_tour_setup of the tutorial if wondering why both the server
    and the client live in the same source file)

    \section GRAS_ex_mmrpc_toc Table of contents of the mmrpc example
      - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_common
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_header
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_dataregister
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_logdef
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_msgregister
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_matdump
      - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_server
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_serinc
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_sercb
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_sermain
      - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_client
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_cliinc
        - \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_climain
        
    <hr>

    
    \section GRAS_ex_mmrpc_common 1) Common code to the client and the server (mmrpc_common.c and mmrpc.h)
    
    
    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_header 1.a) Module header (mmrpc.h)

    This loads the gras header and declare the function's prototypes as well
    as the matrix size.

    \dontinclude gras/mmrpc/mmrpc.h
    \skip include
    \until argv
    \until argv

    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_dataregister 1.b) Register the data types (mmrpc.h)

    The messages involved in this example do use structures as payload, 
    so we have to declare it to GRAS. Hopefully, this can be done easily by enclosing 
    the structure declaration within a \ref GRAS_DEFINE_TYPE macro call. It will then copy this 
    declaration into an hidden string variable, which can be automatically parsed at 
    run time. Of course, the declaration is also copied unmodified by this macro, so that it
    gets parsed by the compiler also. 

    There is some semantic that GRAS cannot guess alone and you need to  <i>annotate</i>
    your declaration to add some. For example, the ctn pointer can be a reference to an 
    object or a whole array (in which case you also has to specify its size). This is done 
    with the GRAS_ANNOTE call. It is removed from the text passed to the compiler, but it helps
    GRAS getting some information about the semantic of your data. Here, it says that \a ctn is an 
    array, which size is the result of the operation \a rows * \a cols (with \a rows and \a cols 
    being the other fields of the structure). 

    Please note that this annotation mechanism is not as robust and cool as this example seems to 
    imply. If you want to use it yourself, you'd better use the exact right syntax, which is 
    detailed in the \ref GRAS_dd section.

    \skip GRAS_DEFINE_TYPE
    \until matrix_t

    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_logdef 1.c) Logging category definition (mmrpc_common.c)
    
    Let's first load the module header and declare a logging category (see
    \ref XBT_log for more info on logging). This logging category does live
    in this file (ie the required symbols are defined here and declared as
    "extern" in any other file using them). That is why we use 
    \ref XBT_LOG_NEW_DEFAULT_CATEGORY here and 
    \ref XBT_LOG_EXTERNAL_DEFAULT_CATEGORY in mmrpc_client.c and mmrpc_server.c.
    
    \dontinclude gras/mmrpc/mmrpc_common.c
    \skip include
    \until XBT_LOG

    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_msgregister 1.d) Register the messages (mmrpc_common.c)
    
    This function, called by both the client and the server is in charge of
    declaring the existing messages to GRAS. Note the use of the \ref gras_datadesc_by_symbol 
    function to parse and retrieve the structure declaration which were passed to \ref GRAS_DEFINE_TYPE 
    above. 

    The datatype description builded that way can then be used to build an array datatype or 
    to declare messages.
    
    \skip register_messages
    \until }

    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_matdump 1.e) Helper debugging function (mmrpc_common.c)

    This function dumps a matrix to screen for debugging.
    
    \skip mat_dump
    \until end_of_matrix
    \until }

    [Back to \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_toc]

    \section GRAS_ex_mmrpc_server 2) Server's code (mmrpc_server.c)
    
    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_serinc 2.a) Server intial settings
    
    All module symbols live in the mmrpc_common.c file. We thus have to
    define \ref GRAS_DEFINE_TYPE_EXTERN to the preprocessor so that the
    \ref GRAS_DEFINE_TYPE symbols don't get included here. Likewise, we use 
    \ref XBT_LOG_EXTERNAL_DEFAULT_CATEGORY to get the log category in here.
    
    \dontinclude gras/mmrpc/mmrpc_server.c
    \skip define
    \until XBT_LOG

    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_sercb 2.b) The callback to the mmrpc message

    Here is the callback run when the server receives any mmrpc message (this
    will be registered later by the server). Note the way we get the message 
    payload. In the ping example, there was one additional level of pointer 
    indirection (see \ref GRAS_ex_ping_sercb). This is because the payload is
    an array here (ie a pointer) whereas it is a scalar in the ping example.
    
    \skip server_cb_request_handler
    \until end_of_server_cb_request_handler

    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_sermain 2.c) The "main" of the server
    
    This is the "main" of the server. As explained in the tutorial, \ref
    GRAS_tut_tour_setup, you must not write any main()
    function yourself. Instead, you just have to write a regular function
    like this one which will act as a main.
    
    \skip server
    \until end_of_server
    
    [Back to \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_toc]

    \section GRAS_ex_mmrpc_client 3) Client's code (mmrpc_client.c)
    
    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_cliinc 2.a) Server intial settings
    
    As for the server, some extra love is needed to make sure that automatic
    datatype parsing and log categories do work even if we are using several
    files.  
    
    \dontinclude gras/mmrpc/mmrpc_client.c
    \skip define
    \until XBT_LOG

    \subsection GRAS_ex_mmrpc_climain 3.b) Client's "main" function
    
    This function is quite straightforward, and the inlined comments should
    be enough to understand it.

    \dontinclude gras/mmrpc/mmrpc_client.c
    \skip argv
    \until end_of_client

    [Back to \ref GRAS_ex_mmrpc_toc]
  */

---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------- Timers ---------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------

/** \page GRAS_ex_timer Some timer games

    This example fools around with the GRAS timers (\ref GRAS_timer). It is
    mainly a regression test, since it uses almost all timer features.
    
    The main program registers a repetititive task and a delayed one, and
    then loops until the <tt>still_to_do</tt> variables of its globals reach
    0. The delayed task set it to 5, and the repetititive one decrease it
    each time. Here is an example of output:
\verbatim Initialize GRAS
 Initialize XBT
 [1108335471] Programming the repetitive_action with a frequency of 1.000000 sec
 [1108335471] Programming the delayed_action for after 2.000000 sec
 [1108335471] Have a rest
 [1108335472] Canceling the delayed_action.
 [1108335472] Re-programming the delayed_action for after 2.000000 sec
 [1108335472] Repetitive_action has nothing to do yet
 [1108335473] Repetitive_action has nothing to do yet
 [1108335473] delayed_action setting globals->still_to_do to 5
 [1108335474] repetitive_action decrementing globals->still_to_do. New value: 4
 [1108335475] repetitive_action decrementing globals->still_to_do. New value: 3
 [1108335476] repetitive_action decrementing globals->still_to_do. New value: 2
 [1108335477] repetitive_action decrementing globals->still_to_do. New value: 1
 [1108335478] repetitive_action decrementing globals->still_to_do. New value: 0
 Exiting GRAS\endverbatim

    Source code:
     - \ref GRAS_ex_timer_decl
     - \ref GRAS_ex_timer_delay
     - \ref GRAS_ex_timer_repeat
     - \ref GRAS_ex_timer_main

    \dontinclude timer.c
    
    \section GRAS_ex_timer_decl   1. Declarations and headers
    \skip include
    \until my_globals
    
    \section GRAS_ex_timer_delay  2. Source code of the delayed action
    \skip repetitive_action
    \until end_of_repetitive_action
    
    \section GRAS_ex_timer_repeat 3. Source code of the repetitive action
    \skip delayed_action
    \until end_of_delayed_action
    
    \section GRAS_ex_timer_main   4. Source code of main function
    \skip client
    \until end_of_client
*/