1 /* Copyright (c) 2009, 2010. The SimGrid Team.
2 * All rights reserved. */
4 /* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 * under the terms of the license (GNU LGPL) which comes with this package. */
12 XBT_LOG_NEW_DEFAULT_SUBCATEGORY(simix_network, simix,
13 "Logging specific to SIMIX (network)");
15 static xbt_dict_t rdv_points = NULL;
17 static XBT_INLINE void SIMIX_comm_start(smx_action_t action);
18 static void SIMIX_comm_finish(smx_action_t action);
19 static void SIMIX_waitany_req_remove_from_actions(smx_req_t req);
20 static void SIMIX_comm_copy_data(smx_action_t comm);
21 static smx_action_t SIMIX_comm_new(e_smx_comm_type_t type);
22 static XBT_INLINE void SIMIX_rdv_push(smx_rdv_t rdv, smx_action_t comm);
23 static XBT_INLINE void SIMIX_rdv_remove(smx_rdv_t rdv, smx_action_t comm);
24 static smx_action_t SIMIX_rdv_get_request(smx_rdv_t rdv, e_smx_comm_type_t type,
25 int (*match_fun)(void *, void *), void *);
26 static void SIMIX_rdv_free(void *data);
28 void SIMIX_network_init(void)
30 rdv_points = xbt_dict_new();
33 void SIMIX_network_exit(void)
35 xbt_dict_free(&rdv_points);
38 /******************************************************************************/
39 /* Rendez-Vous Points */
40 /******************************************************************************/
42 smx_rdv_t SIMIX_rdv_create(const char *name)
44 /* two processes may have pushed the same rdv_create request at the same time */
45 smx_rdv_t rdv = name ? xbt_dict_get_or_null(rdv_points, name) : NULL;
48 rdv = xbt_new0(s_smx_rvpoint_t, 1);
49 rdv->name = name ? xbt_strdup(name) : NULL;
50 rdv->comm_fifo = xbt_fifo_new();
53 xbt_dict_set(rdv_points, rdv->name, rdv, SIMIX_rdv_free);
58 void SIMIX_rdv_destroy(smx_rdv_t rdv)
61 xbt_dict_remove(rdv_points, rdv->name);
64 void SIMIX_rdv_free(void *data)
66 smx_rdv_t rdv = (smx_rdv_t) data;
69 xbt_fifo_free(rdv->comm_fifo);
73 smx_rdv_t SIMIX_rdv_get_by_name(const char *name)
75 return xbt_dict_get_or_null(rdv_points, name);
78 int SIMIX_rdv_comm_count_by_host(smx_rdv_t rdv, smx_host_t host)
80 smx_action_t comm = NULL;
81 xbt_fifo_item_t item = NULL;
84 xbt_fifo_foreach(rdv->comm_fifo, item, comm, smx_action_t) {
85 if (comm->comm.src_proc->smx_host == host)
92 smx_action_t SIMIX_rdv_get_head(smx_rdv_t rdv)
94 return xbt_fifo_get_item_content(xbt_fifo_get_first_item(rdv->comm_fifo));
98 * \brief Push a communication request into a rendez-vous point
99 * \param rdv The rendez-vous point
100 * \param comm The communication request
102 static XBT_INLINE void SIMIX_rdv_push(smx_rdv_t rdv, smx_action_t comm)
104 xbt_fifo_push(rdv->comm_fifo, comm);
105 comm->comm.rdv = rdv;
109 * \brief Remove a communication request from a rendez-vous point
110 * \param rdv The rendez-vous point
111 * \param comm The communication request
113 static XBT_INLINE void SIMIX_rdv_remove(smx_rdv_t rdv, smx_action_t comm)
115 xbt_fifo_remove(rdv->comm_fifo, comm);
116 comm->comm.rdv = NULL;
120 * \brief Checks if there is a communication action queued in a rendez-vous matching our needs
121 * \param type The type of communication we are looking for (comm_send, comm_recv)
122 * \return The communication action if found, NULL otherwise
124 smx_action_t SIMIX_rdv_get_request(smx_rdv_t rdv, e_smx_comm_type_t type,
125 int (*match_fun)(void *, void *), void *data)
128 xbt_fifo_item_t item;
129 void* req_data = NULL;
131 xbt_fifo_foreach(rdv->comm_fifo, item, action, smx_action_t){
132 if (action->comm.type == SIMIX_COMM_SEND) {
133 req_data = action->comm.src_data;
134 } else if (action->comm.type == SIMIX_COMM_RECEIVE) {
135 req_data = action->comm.dst_data;
137 if (action->comm.type == type && (!match_fun || match_fun(data, req_data))) {
138 DEBUG1("Found a matching communication action %p", action);
139 xbt_fifo_remove_item(rdv->comm_fifo, item);
140 xbt_fifo_free_item(item);
141 action->comm.refcount++;
142 action->comm.rdv = NULL;
145 DEBUG3("Sorry, communication action %p does not match our needs:"
146 " its type is %d but we are looking for a comm of type %d",
147 action, action->comm.type, type);
149 DEBUG0("No matching communication action found");
153 /******************************************************************************/
154 /* Comunication Actions */
155 /******************************************************************************/
158 * \brief Creates a new comunicate action
159 * \param type The type of request (comm_send, comm_recv)
160 * \return The new comunicate action
162 smx_action_t SIMIX_comm_new(e_smx_comm_type_t type)
166 /* alloc structures */
167 act = xbt_new0(s_smx_action_t, 1);
168 act->type = SIMIX_ACTION_COMMUNICATE;
169 act->state = SIMIX_WAITING;
170 act->request_list = xbt_fifo_new();
172 /* set communication */
173 act->comm.type = type;
174 act->comm.refcount = 1;
176 #ifdef HAVE_LATENCY_BOUND_TRACKING
177 //initialize with unknown value
178 act->latency_limited = -1;
182 act->category = NULL;
185 DEBUG1("Create communicate action %p", act);
191 * \brief Destroy a communicate action
192 * \param action The communicate action to be destroyed
194 void SIMIX_comm_destroy(smx_action_t action)
196 DEBUG2("Destroy action %p (refcount:%d)", action, action->comm.refcount);
198 if (action->comm.refcount <= 0)
199 xbt_die(bprintf("the refcount of comm %p is already 0 before decreasing it. That's a bug!",action));
201 action->comm.refcount--;
202 if (action->comm.refcount > 0)
204 DEBUG2("Really free communication %p; refcount is now %d", action,
205 action->comm.refcount);
207 #ifdef HAVE_LATENCY_BOUND_TRACKING
208 action->latency_limited = SIMIX_comm_is_latency_bounded( action ) ;
212 TRACE_smx_action_destroy(action);
216 xbt_free(action->name);
218 xbt_fifo_free(action->request_list);
220 SIMIX_comm_destroy_internal_actions(action);
222 if(action->comm.detached)
223 ((void_f_pvoid_t)action->comm.src_data)(action->comm.src_buff);
228 void SIMIX_comm_destroy_internal_actions(smx_action_t action)
230 if (action->comm.surf_comm){
231 #ifdef HAVE_LATENCY_BOUND_TRACKING
232 action->latency_limited = SIMIX_comm_is_latency_bounded(action);
234 action->comm.surf_comm->model_type->action_unref(action->comm.surf_comm);
235 action->comm.surf_comm = NULL;
238 if (action->comm.src_timeout){
239 action->comm.src_timeout->model_type->action_unref(action->comm.src_timeout);
240 action->comm.src_timeout = NULL;
243 if (action->comm.dst_timeout){
244 action->comm.dst_timeout->model_type->action_unref(action->comm.dst_timeout);
245 action->comm.dst_timeout = NULL;
249 smx_action_t SIMIX_comm_isend(smx_process_t src_proc, smx_rdv_t rdv,
250 double task_size, double rate,
251 void *src_buff, size_t src_buff_size,
252 int (*match_fun)(void *, void *), void *data,
257 /* Look for communication request matching our needs.
258 If it is not found then create it and push it into the rendez-vous point */
259 action = SIMIX_rdv_get_request(rdv, SIMIX_COMM_RECEIVE, match_fun, data);
262 action = SIMIX_comm_new(SIMIX_COMM_SEND);
263 SIMIX_rdv_push(rdv, action);
265 action->state = SIMIX_READY;
266 action->comm.type = SIMIX_COMM_READY;
269 /* If the communication action is detached then decrease the refcount
270 * by one, so it will be eliminated by the receivers destroy call */
272 action->comm.detached = 1;
273 action->comm.refcount--;
276 /* Setup the communication request */
277 action->comm.src_proc = src_proc;
278 action->comm.task_size = task_size;
279 action->comm.rate = rate;
280 action->comm.src_buff = src_buff;
281 action->comm.src_buff_size = src_buff_size;
282 action->comm.src_data = data;
285 action->state = SIMIX_RUNNING;
289 SIMIX_comm_start(action);
293 smx_action_t SIMIX_comm_irecv(smx_process_t dst_proc, smx_rdv_t rdv,
294 void *dst_buff, size_t *dst_buff_size,
295 int (*match_fun)(void *, void *), void *data)
299 /* Look for communication request matching our needs.
300 * If it is not found then create it and push it into the rendez-vous point
302 action = SIMIX_rdv_get_request(rdv, SIMIX_COMM_SEND, match_fun, data);
305 action = SIMIX_comm_new(SIMIX_COMM_RECEIVE);
306 SIMIX_rdv_push(rdv, action);
308 action->state = SIMIX_READY;
309 action->comm.type = SIMIX_COMM_READY;
312 /* Setup communication request */
313 action->comm.dst_proc = dst_proc;
314 action->comm.dst_buff = dst_buff;
315 action->comm.dst_buff_size = dst_buff_size;
316 action->comm.dst_data = data;
319 action->state = SIMIX_RUNNING;
323 SIMIX_comm_start(action);
327 void SIMIX_pre_comm_wait(smx_req_t req, int idx)
329 smx_action_t action = req->comm_wait.comm;
330 double timeout = req->comm_wait.timeout;
333 /* Associate this request to the action */
334 xbt_fifo_push(action->request_list, req);
335 req->issuer->waiting_action = action;
339 action->state = SIMIX_DONE;
341 /* If we reached this point, the wait request must have a timeout */
342 /* Otherwise it shouldn't be enabled and executed by the MC */
346 if(action->comm.src_proc == req->issuer)
347 action->state = SIMIX_SRC_TIMEOUT;
349 action->state = SIMIX_DST_TIMEOUT;
352 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
356 /* If the action has already finish perform the error handling, */
357 /* otherwise set up a waiting timeout on the right side */
358 if (action->state != SIMIX_WAITING && action->state != SIMIX_RUNNING) {
359 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
360 } else { /* if (timeout >= 0) { we need a surf sleep action even when there is no timeout, otherwise surf won't tell us when the host fails */
361 sleep = surf_workstation_model->extension.workstation.sleep(req->issuer->smx_host->host, timeout);
362 surf_workstation_model->action_data_set(sleep, action);
364 if (req->issuer == action->comm.src_proc)
365 action->comm.src_timeout = sleep;
367 action->comm.dst_timeout = sleep;
371 void SIMIX_pre_comm_test(smx_req_t req)
373 smx_action_t action = req->comm_test.comm;
376 req->comm_test.result = action->comm.src_proc && action->comm.dst_proc;
377 if(req->comm_test.result){
378 action->state = SIMIX_DONE;
379 xbt_fifo_push(action->request_list, req);
380 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
382 SIMIX_request_answer(req);
387 req->comm_test.result = (action->state != SIMIX_WAITING && action->state != SIMIX_RUNNING);
388 if (req->comm_test.result) {
389 xbt_fifo_push(action->request_list, req);
390 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
392 SIMIX_request_answer(req);
396 void SIMIX_pre_comm_testany(smx_req_t req, int idx)
400 xbt_dynar_t actions = req->comm_testany.comms;
401 req->comm_testany.result = -1;
405 SIMIX_request_answer(req);
407 action = xbt_dynar_get_as(actions, idx, smx_action_t);
408 req->comm_testany.result = idx;
409 xbt_fifo_push(action->request_list, req);
410 action->state = SIMIX_DONE;
411 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
416 xbt_dynar_foreach(req->comm_testany.comms,cursor,action) {
417 if (action->state != SIMIX_WAITING && action->state != SIMIX_RUNNING) {
418 req->comm_testany.result = cursor;
419 xbt_fifo_push(action->request_list, req);
420 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
424 SIMIX_request_answer(req);
427 void SIMIX_pre_comm_waitany(smx_req_t req, int idx)
430 unsigned int cursor = 0;
431 xbt_dynar_t actions = req->comm_waitany.comms;
434 action = xbt_dynar_get_as(actions, idx, smx_action_t);
435 xbt_fifo_push(action->request_list, req);
436 req->comm_waitany.result = idx;
437 action->state = SIMIX_DONE;
438 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
442 xbt_dynar_foreach(actions, cursor, action){
443 /* Associate this request to the action */
444 xbt_fifo_push(action->request_list, req);
445 if (action->state != SIMIX_WAITING && action->state != SIMIX_RUNNING){
446 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
452 void SIMIX_waitany_req_remove_from_actions(smx_req_t req)
455 unsigned int cursor = 0;
456 xbt_dynar_t actions = req->comm_waitany.comms;
458 xbt_dynar_foreach(actions, cursor, action){
459 xbt_fifo_remove(action->request_list, req);
464 * \brief Start the simulation of a communication request
465 * \param action The communication action
467 static XBT_INLINE void SIMIX_comm_start(smx_action_t action)
469 /* If both the sender and the receiver are already there, start the communication */
470 if (action->state == SIMIX_READY) {
471 smx_host_t sender = action->comm.src_proc->smx_host;
472 smx_host_t receiver = action->comm.dst_proc->smx_host;
474 DEBUG3("Starting communication %p from '%s' to '%s'", action,
475 SIMIX_host_get_name(sender), SIMIX_host_get_name(receiver));
477 action->comm.surf_comm = surf_workstation_model->extension.workstation.
478 communicate(sender->host, receiver->host, action->comm.task_size, action->comm.rate);
480 surf_workstation_model->action_data_set(action->comm.surf_comm, action);
482 action->state = SIMIX_RUNNING;
485 TRACE_smx_action_communicate(action, action->comm.src_proc);
488 /* If a link is failed, detect it immediately */
489 if (surf_workstation_model->action_state_get(action->comm.surf_comm) == SURF_ACTION_FAILED) {
490 DEBUG2("Communication from '%s' to '%s' failed to start because of a link failure",
491 SIMIX_host_get_name(sender), SIMIX_host_get_name(receiver));
492 action->state = SIMIX_LINK_FAILURE;
493 SIMIX_comm_destroy_internal_actions(action);
496 /* If any of the process is suspend, create the action but stop its execution,
497 it will be restarted when the sender process resume */
498 if (SIMIX_process_is_suspended(action->comm.src_proc) ||
499 SIMIX_process_is_suspended(action->comm.dst_proc)) {
500 /* FIXME: check what should happen with the action state */
501 surf_workstation_model->suspend(action->comm.surf_comm);
506 void SIMIX_comm_finish(smx_action_t action)
510 while ((req = xbt_fifo_shift(action->request_list))) {
512 /* If a waitany request is waiting for this action to finish, then remove
513 it from the other actions in the waitany list. Afterwards, get the
514 position of the actual action in the waitany request's actions dynar and
515 return it as the result of the call */
516 if (req->call == REQ_COMM_WAITANY) {
517 SIMIX_waitany_req_remove_from_actions(req);
519 req->comm_waitany.result = xbt_dynar_search(req->comm_waitany.comms, &action);
522 /* If the action is still in a rendez-vous point then remove from it */
523 if (action->comm.rdv)
524 SIMIX_rdv_remove(action->comm.rdv, action);
526 DEBUG1("SIMIX_comm_finish: action state = %d", action->state);
528 /* Check out for errors */
529 switch (action->state) {
532 DEBUG1("Communication %p complete!", action);
533 SIMIX_comm_copy_data(action);
536 case SIMIX_SRC_TIMEOUT:
538 THROW0(timeout_error, 0, "Communication timeouted because of sender");
540 CATCH(req->issuer->running_ctx->exception) {
541 req->issuer->doexception = 1;
545 case SIMIX_DST_TIMEOUT:
547 THROW0(timeout_error, 0, "Communication timeouted because of receiver");
549 CATCH(req->issuer->running_ctx->exception) {
550 req->issuer->doexception = 1;
554 case SIMIX_SRC_HOST_FAILURE:
556 if (req->issuer == action->comm.src_proc)
557 THROW0(host_error, 0, "Host failed");
559 THROW0(network_error, 0, "Remote peer failed");
561 CATCH(req->issuer->running_ctx->exception) {
562 req->issuer->doexception = 1;
566 case SIMIX_DST_HOST_FAILURE:
568 if (req->issuer == action->comm.dst_proc)
569 THROW0(host_error, 0, "Host failed");
571 THROW0(network_error, 0, "Remote peer failed");
573 CATCH(req->issuer->running_ctx->exception) {
574 req->issuer->doexception = 1;
578 case SIMIX_LINK_FAILURE:
580 DEBUG5("Link failure in action %p between '%s' and '%s': posting an exception to the issuer: %s (%p)",
581 action, action->comm.src_proc->smx_host->name, action->comm.dst_proc->smx_host->name,
582 req->issuer->name, req->issuer);
583 THROW0(network_error, 0, "Link failure");
585 CATCH(req->issuer->running_ctx->exception) {
586 req->issuer->doexception = 1;
594 /* if there is an exception during a waitany or a testany, indicate the position of the failed communication */
595 if (req->issuer->doexception) {
596 if (req->call == REQ_COMM_WAITANY) {
597 req->issuer->running_ctx->exception.value = xbt_dynar_search(req->comm_waitany.comms, &action);
599 else if (req->call == REQ_COMM_TESTANY) {
600 req->issuer->running_ctx->exception.value = xbt_dynar_search(req->comm_testany.comms, &action);
604 req->issuer->waiting_action = NULL;
605 SIMIX_request_answer(req);
609 void SIMIX_post_comm(smx_action_t action)
611 /* Update action state */
612 if (action->comm.src_timeout &&
613 surf_workstation_model->action_state_get(action->comm.src_timeout) == SURF_ACTION_DONE)
614 action->state = SIMIX_SRC_TIMEOUT;
615 else if (action->comm.dst_timeout &&
616 surf_workstation_model->action_state_get(action->comm.dst_timeout) == SURF_ACTION_DONE)
617 action->state = SIMIX_DST_TIMEOUT;
618 else if (action->comm.src_timeout &&
619 surf_workstation_model->action_state_get(action->comm.src_timeout) == SURF_ACTION_FAILED)
620 action->state = SIMIX_SRC_HOST_FAILURE;
621 else if (action->comm.dst_timeout &&
622 surf_workstation_model->action_state_get(action->comm.dst_timeout) == SURF_ACTION_FAILED)
623 action->state = SIMIX_DST_HOST_FAILURE;
624 else if (action->comm.surf_comm &&
625 surf_workstation_model->action_state_get(action->comm.surf_comm) == SURF_ACTION_FAILED)
626 action->state = SIMIX_LINK_FAILURE;
628 action->state = SIMIX_DONE;
630 DEBUG1("SIMIX_post_comm: action state = %d", action->state);
632 /* After this point the surf actions associated with the simix communicate
633 action are no longer needed, thus we delete them. */
634 SIMIX_comm_destroy_internal_actions(action);
636 /* If there are requests associated with the action, then answer them */
637 if (xbt_fifo_size(action->request_list))
638 SIMIX_comm_finish(action);
641 void SIMIX_comm_cancel(smx_action_t action)
643 /* If the action is a waiting state means that it is still in a rdv */
644 /* so remove from it and delete it */
645 if (action->state == SIMIX_WAITING) {
646 SIMIX_rdv_remove(action->comm.rdv, action);
647 action->state = SIMIX_FAILED;
649 /* When running the MC there are no surf actions */
651 surf_workstation_model->action_cancel(action->comm.surf_comm);
655 void SIMIX_comm_suspend(smx_action_t action)
657 /*FIXME: shall we suspend also the timeout actions? */
658 surf_workstation_model->suspend(action->comm.surf_comm);
661 void SIMIX_comm_resume(smx_action_t action)
663 /*FIXME: check what happen with the timeouts */
664 surf_workstation_model->resume(action->comm.surf_comm);
668 /************* Action Getters **************/
671 * \brief get the amount remaining from the communication
672 * \param action The communication
674 double SIMIX_comm_get_remains(smx_action_t action)
678 switch (action->state) {
681 remains = surf_workstation_model->get_remains(action->comm.surf_comm);
686 remains = 0; /*FIXME: check what should be returned */
690 remains = 0; /*FIXME: is this correct? */
696 e_smx_state_t SIMIX_comm_get_state(smx_action_t action)
698 return action->state;
702 * \brief Return the user data associated to the sender of the communication
703 * \param action The communication
704 * \return the user data
706 void* SIMIX_comm_get_src_data(smx_action_t action)
708 return action->comm.src_data;
712 * \brief Return the user data associated to the receiver of the communication
713 * \param action The communication
714 * \return the user data
716 void* SIMIX_comm_get_dst_data(smx_action_t action)
718 return action->comm.dst_data;
721 void* SIMIX_comm_get_src_buff(smx_action_t action)
723 return action->comm.src_buff;
726 void* SIMIX_comm_get_dst_buff(smx_action_t action)
728 return action->comm.dst_buff;
731 size_t SIMIX_comm_get_src_buff_size(smx_action_t action)
733 return action->comm.src_buff_size;
736 size_t SIMIX_comm_get_dst_buff_size(smx_action_t action)
740 if (action->comm.dst_buff_size)
741 buff_size = *(action->comm.dst_buff_size);
748 smx_process_t SIMIX_comm_get_src_proc(smx_action_t action)
750 return action->comm.src_proc;
753 smx_process_t SIMIX_comm_get_dst_proc(smx_action_t action)
755 return action->comm.dst_proc;
758 #ifdef HAVE_LATENCY_BOUND_TRACKING
760 * \brief verify if communication is latency bounded
761 * \param comm The communication
763 XBT_INLINE int SIMIX_comm_is_latency_bounded(smx_action_t action)
765 if (action->comm.surf_comm){
766 DEBUG1("Getting latency limited for surf_action (%p)", action->comm.surf_comm);
767 action->latency_limited = surf_workstation_model->get_latency_limited(action->comm.surf_comm);
768 DEBUG1("Action limited is %d", action->latency_limited);
770 return action->latency_limited;
774 /******************************************************************************/
775 /* SIMIX_comm_copy_data callbacks */
776 /******************************************************************************/
777 static void (*SIMIX_comm_copy_data_callback) (smx_action_t, size_t) =
778 &SIMIX_comm_copy_pointer_callback;
781 SIMIX_comm_set_copy_data_callback(void (*callback) (smx_action_t, size_t))
783 SIMIX_comm_copy_data_callback = callback;
786 void SIMIX_comm_copy_pointer_callback(smx_action_t comm, size_t buff_size)
788 xbt_assert1((buff_size == sizeof(void *)),
789 "Cannot copy %zu bytes: must be sizeof(void*)", buff_size);
790 *(void **) (comm->comm.dst_buff) = comm->comm.src_buff;
793 void SIMIX_comm_copy_buffer_callback(smx_action_t comm, size_t buff_size)
795 memcpy(comm->comm.dst_buff, comm->comm.src_buff, buff_size);
799 * \brief Copy the communication data from the sender's buffer to the receiver's one
800 * \param comm The communication
802 void SIMIX_comm_copy_data(smx_action_t comm)
804 size_t buff_size = comm->comm.src_buff_size;
805 /* If there is no data to be copy then return */
806 if (!comm->comm.src_buff || !comm->comm.dst_buff || comm->comm.copied == 1)
809 DEBUG6("Copying comm %p data from %s (%p) -> %s (%p) (%zu bytes)",
811 comm->comm.src_proc->smx_host->name, comm->comm.src_buff,
812 comm->comm.dst_proc->smx_host->name, comm->comm.dst_buff, buff_size);
814 /* Copy at most dst_buff_size bytes of the message to receiver's buffer */
815 if (comm->comm.dst_buff_size)
816 buff_size = MIN(buff_size, *(comm->comm.dst_buff_size));
818 /* Update the receiver's buffer size to the copied amount */
819 if (comm->comm.dst_buff_size)
820 *comm->comm.dst_buff_size = buff_size;
825 (*SIMIX_comm_copy_data_callback) (comm, buff_size);
827 /* Set the copied flag so we copy data only once */
828 /* (this function might be called from both communication ends) */
829 comm->comm.copied = 1;